南昌市抑螺防病林工程实施探讨

分析了南昌市自然、经济、螺情概况,从组织领导、科学规划、经营主体等方面探讨了抑螺防病林工程实施成效及措施,指出了目前存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估

采用饲喂管法和点滴法,分别测定了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒4种原药及其制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性毒性,并采用危害商值(HQ)法进行了初级风险评价。结果表明:饲喂管法测得97.3%吡虫啉原药、25%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、96%噻虫嗪原药、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、97%噻虫胺原药、5%噻虫胺可湿性粉剂、96%啶虫脒原药及40%啶虫脒可溶性粉剂的经口毒性48 hLD50值分别为有效成分8.04×10-3、9.46×10-3、7.04×10-3、4.64×10-3、11.8×10-3、5.25×10-3、5.22和6.31μg/蜂;点滴法测得各药剂的接触毒性48 h-LD50值分别为有效成分2.46×10-2、1.33×10-2、3.63×10-2、9.27×10-3、1.52×10-2、2.21×10-2、5.82和5.07μg/蜂。按《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的毒性等级划分标准,啶虫脒原药及其可溶性粉剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为中等毒,其他6种药剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为高毒;根据危害商值(HQ),啶虫脒对蜜蜂为低风险,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对蜜蜂均存在高风险。     

堤防决口机理及其防治

在江河中下游,堤防是保证国家和人民生命财产的最后一道防线,确保堤防安全具有十分重要的意义。总结了江河中下游堤防决口的主要形式及其特点,分析了堤防决口产生的机理,结合工程整险实践提出了相应的防治原则与技术措施。     

Risk assessment of nitrate pollution in groundwater based on the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity of agricultural lands in Hokkaido

(pp. 17–24)
A trial calculation was performed of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity and the amount of nitrogen input based on various statistical data, which were compiled from each city, town and village in Hokkaido prefecture. The relationship between the excess quantity of nitrogen, after nitrogen input, and the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity and the nitrate-nitrogen concentration of the groundwater was considered.
Environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity = nitrogen output by the crops + acceptable level of residual nitrate in the soil profile.*
^*It is calculated by the amount of nitrate precipitation evapotranspiration ×10 mg L⁻¹.

• 1) 

  The average value of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity in Hokkaido Prefecture was observed to be 183 kg ha⁻¹. The maximum and minimum values of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity were 308 kg ha⁻¹ and 94 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. When the average value of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity with respect to main agricultural land use was compared across municipalities, it was largely in the following order · grassland (218 kg ha⁻¹), upland (169 kg ha⁻¹), and paddy land (157 kg ha⁻¹).

       

Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus—An assessment of the likelihood of introduction and establishment in England and Wales

Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) is an iridovirus that affects perch (Perca fluviatilis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It emerged in Australia in the 1980s and has not been discovered elsewhere. It causes a high level of mortality in perch resulting in steep population declines. The main possible routes of introduction of the virus to England and Wales are the importation of infected live fish or carcasses. However, no trade in live susceptible species is permitted under current legislation, and no importation of carcasses currently takes place. The virus is hardy and low levels of challenge can infect perch. Therefore, mechanical transmission through the importation of non-susceptible fish species should be considered as a potential route of introduction and establishment. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been imported to the UK from Australia for release into still-water fisheries. A qualitative risk assessment concluded that the likelihood of EHNV introduction and establishment in England and Wales with the importation of a consignment of carp was very low. The level of uncertainty at a number of steps in the risk assessment scenario tree was high, notably the likelihood that carp become contaminated with the virus and whether effective contact (resulting in pathogen transmission) is made between the introduced carp and susceptible species in England and Wales. The virus would only establish when the water temperature is greater than 12 °C. Analysis of 10 years of data from two rivers in south-west England indicated that establishment could occur over a period of at least 14 weeks a year in southern England (when average water temperature exceed 12 °C). Imports of live fish from Australia need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine which, if any, sanitary measures are required to reduce the assessed risk to an acceptable level.     

A complication probability planning study to predict the safety of a new protocol for intracranial tumour radiotherapy in dogs

Technical advances make it possible to deliver radiation therapy for canine intracranial tumours in fewer fractions, under the assumption of equivalent tumour control. With the aim of estimating the late toxicity risk profile for various tumour sizes and locations, the present paper evaluates the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) values for the intracranial organs at risk. By making isoeffect calculations, a new 10‐fraction radiation protocol was developed with the same tumour control probability (TCP) as a currently used 20‐fraction standard protocol, and complication risk profiles for brain, brainstem and optic chiasm were modelled using a representative population of 64 dogs with brain tumours. For >59% of cases, the new 10‐fraction protocol yielded an acceptable, low risk estimate of late toxicity (<10%). Our calculations suggest that it may be safe to treat small to intermediate‐sized tumours that are neither located near the optic chiasm nor at the brainstem with 10 daily fractions of 4.35 Gy.     

非工程措施在山洪灾害防治体系建设中的应用研究

山洪灾害防治非工程措施项目是保障人民群众生命财产安全的重点项目,也是中央财政部门大力支持的项目,但是山洪灾害防治非工程措施项目能否可持续地、正常地发挥其最大效益,与后期的运行管理有直接相关性.文章主要结合山东省枣庄市山亭区的实际情况,分析非工程措施在山洪灾害防治体系建设中的应用.     

家蚕血液型脓病发生原因及防治方法

以河南省内乡县家蚕血液型脓病发生原因、防治方法进行分析探讨。     

高砷煤矿周围旱作土壤重金属污染特征及农作物健康风险评价

为了掌握高砷煤矿周边旱作农田重金属污染状况,运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和地积累指数法对高砷煤矿周边旱作土壤重金属（As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn）进行污染风险评价,并采用富集系数法、目标危害商数法和致癌风险指数法对农作物和人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明：调查区域土壤综合污染指数均值为2.12,属中度污染水平;土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu的含量均值分别为全国土壤背景值的7.91、2.57、5.26、1.53、3.44倍;As和Hg的污染等级高且范围广,Cu污染等级低但污染范围广,Cd的污染等级较低且范围较小,Zn基本无污染。富集系数法评价结果显示,作物对5种重金属的吸收能力表现为Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>As。农作物健康风险评价结果显示,5种农作物的健康风险主要为非致癌风险,As是可食用农作物（除玉米外）的主要致癌风险因子和非致癌风险因子,Cd是烟草的主要致癌风险因子和非致癌风险因子。食用本地农作物对人体造成的健康风险依次为As>Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn。研究表明：研究区域土壤处于中度污染水平,As的风险较高;可食农作物中重...     

Effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater model ecosystems: the influence of experimental conditions on ecotoxicological thresholds

Three experiments were conducted to determine the impact of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (single applications of 0.01 to 10 microg AI litre(-1)) in plankton-dominated nutrient-rich microcosms. The microcosms (water volume approximately 14 litres) were established in the laboratory under temperature, light regimes and nutrient levels that simulated cool 'temperate' and warm 'Mediterranean' environmental conditions. The fate of chlorpyrifos in the water column was monitored and the effects on zooplankton, phytoplankton and community metabolism were followed for 4 or 5 weeks. The mean half-life (t1/2) of chlorpyrifos in the water of the test systems was 45 h under 'temperate' conditions and about 30 h under 'Mediterranean' environmental conditions. Microcrustaceans (cladocerans and copepod nauplii) were amongst the most sensitive organisms. All three experiments yielded community NOEC (no observed effect concentrations) of 0.1 microg AI litre(-1), similar to those derived from more complex outdoor studies. Above this threshold level, responses and effect chains, and time spans for recovery, differed between the experiments. For example, algal blooms as an indirect effect from the impact of exposure on grazing organisms were only observed under the 'Mediterranean' experimental conditions. The relatively simple indoor test system seems to be sufficient to provide estimates of safe threshold levels for the acute insecticidal effects of low-persistence compounds such as chlorpyrifos. The robustness of the community NOEC indicates that this threshold level is likely to be representative for many freshwater systems.