Destratification in deep fish culture reservoirs in Israel: Practice and modelling

Thermal stratification negatively affects water quality, and thus is a threatto fish culture in deep water ponds and reservoirs. To prevent and controlit, a device based on an underwater propeller that vertically transportsoxygen rich warm water from the epilimnion down to the anoxic and colderhypolimnion was assembled. The empirical results so far obtained in Israelidual purpose reservoirs for field crop irrigation and fish culture aresummarized herein, and a mathematical model of the device's effect onreservoir thermal structure is presented.     

天津市3座水库大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系(英文)

[目的]研究天津市3座水库大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。[方法]2011年5月、7月、9月分别对天津市于桥水库、北大港水库、尔王庄水库的14个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析各水库大型底栖动物物种多样性状况,并评价各水库的水质情况。[结果]所有采样点共采集到大型底栖动物22种,其中水生昆虫6种,软体动物7种,甲壳类2种,寡毛类7种。于桥水库5月、7月、9月大型底栖动物的种类分别为11种、8种、10种,大型底栖动物的平均密度和平均生物量分别为132.43 ind./m2、50.09 g/m2;采用Margalef物种丰富度指数d值、Shannon多样性指数(H)和Pielou均匀度指数综合评价,于桥水库为轻-中度污染。北大港水库5月、7月、9月种类分别为5种、5种、5种。大型底栖动物的平均密度和平均生物量分别为218ind./m2、2.70 g/m2;采用物种丰富度指数d值、Shannon多样性指数H值和均匀度指数综合评价,北大港水库为重度污染。尔王庄水库5月、7月、9月大型底栖动物的种类分别为3种、5种、5种。大型底栖动物的平均密度和平均生物量分别为104 ind./m2、0.20 g/m2;采用物种丰富度指数d值、Shannon多样性指数H值和均匀度指数综合评价,结果表明尔王庄水库为中度污染。[结论]三座水库均受到了富营养化污染,污染程度为:北大港水库尔王庄水库于桥水库。     

三峡库区30 a间土地利用景观特征的粒度效应

该研究是为了测度景观指数在时空上随粒度变化的特征;总结相同景观在不同粒度下的景观特征差异。利用不同的粒度大小,将景观类型图进行了栅格化,并选取景观指数,在类型与整体景观的水平上,进行了景观指数的粒度效应测度。并采用相关性分析的方法,分析了各景观指数与粒度相关性的差异。研究表明：粒度效应能有力地论证三峡库区近30 a景观格局变化的特征;不同的景观指数随粒度也表现出不同的敏感程度,较敏感的是斑块密度、有效网格大小、正归化形状指数、聚合指数。同一类型景观在不同的景观指数测度上表现不同的变化规律,随粒度变化较为敏感的是耕地（坡度＜25°）、林地、草地和城镇建设用地;多数指数呈现出随粒度变化的拐点,尤其在尺度400 m;整体水平上,斑块密度和景观形状指数受粒度变化的影响较大;同一指标与粒度的相关性在类型水平和时间跨度上大多呈现出较高的一致性。此次研究很好反映了景观格局指数在不同空间分辨率（粒度）上的变化规律。     

内蒙古克旗地区四座水库的水化学和水生生物调查

报道１９９４年７月和９月对克旗四座水库进行水化学和水生生物调查的结果．１）库水盐度０．１２‰～０．１５‰；ＡＬＫ平均１．４３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ｔ．Ｈ平均１．３７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，水化学类型按阿列金分类法，响水水库属Ｃ型，其余三座均属碳酸盐类钙组Ｉ型水（Ｃ）．２）共见到４０属浮游植物和３１种浮游动物，底栖动物和鱼类种种类很少，浮游植物平均生物量１．７８～１２．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，优势种为直链藻，小环藻，角星鼓藻，     

武汉市湖库湿地在生态文明建设中的作用与保护对策

生态文明建设的提出是人类朝着人与自然和谐迈进的重大决策,而湖库湿地则是生态文明建设中不可或缺的一环.以武汉市湖库湿地作为切八点,重点分析了湿地与生态文明建设的相互关系,并以生态文明建设为契机,对如何加强湿地保护,更好地建设生态文明提出了相关的建议.     

Anticipating the species jump: surveillance for emerging viral threats

Zoonotic disease surveillance is typically triggered after animal pathogens have already infected humans. Are there ways to identify high‐risk viruses before they emerge in humans? If so, then how and where can identifications be made and by what methods? These were the fundamental questions driving a workshop to examine the future of predictive surveillance for viruses that might jump from animals to infect humans. Virologists, ecologists and computational biologists from academia, federal government and non‐governmental organizations discussed opportunities as well as obstacles to the prediction of species jumps using genetic and ecological data from viruses and their hosts, vectors and reservoirs. This workshop marked an important first step towards envisioning both scientific and organizational frameworks for this future capability. Canine parvoviruses as well as seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses are discussed as exemplars that suggest what to look for in anticipating species jumps. To answer the question of where to look, prospects for discovering emerging viruses among wildlife, bats, rodents, arthropod vectors and occupationally exposed humans are discussed. Finally, opportunities and obstacles are identified and accompanied by suggestions for how to look for species jumps. Taken together, these findings constitute the beginnings of a conceptual framework for achieving a virus surveillance capability that could predict future species jumps.     

灌区渠首水库群优化调度的自优化模拟技术

以梅院泥灌区为背景,建立了灌溉供水量最大为目标函数的灌区渠首水库群优化调度的自优化模拟模型及相应的求解技术。在利用历史资料进行优化计算的基础上,获得了梅院泥灌区渠首水库的调度规则。     

Multilocus Sequence Types of Environmental Campylobacter jejuni Isolates and their Similarities to those of Human,Poultry and Bovine C. jejuni Isolates

In this study, we investigated the multilocus sequence type (MLST) diversity and population genetics of Campylobacter jejuni isolates collected from the natural waters (n = 57), wild birds (n = 37) and zoo animals (n = 19) in southern Finland, the Helsinki area and the Helsinki Zoo, respectively. On average, we found C. jejuni in 20%, 10.4% or 11.5% of the samples collected from natural waters, wild birds and zoo animals, respectively. High ST diversity was detected in all three sources and 41.2% of the STs were novel, but the multi‐host adapted ST‐45 was the most common ST detected. The MLST data, supplemented with C. jejuni isolates from domestically acquired human infections (n = 454), poultry (n = 208) and bovines (n = 120), were utilized in a population structure study. The results indicate four groups of strains with varying ecological associations, demonstrating presence of genetically distinct lineages within each of the studied sources. We discovered that the greatest ST overlap occurs between human isolates and isolates from natural waters and poultry, which suggests that the latter two are the most important sources of C. jejuni among domestically acquired infections in Finland.     

关于渝北区宝圣湖长效管理机制及城市湖库保护措施的探讨

通过对渝北区宝圣湖整治措施、整治效果及存在的问题进行分析,结合城市湖库污染成因,探讨了宝圣湖水环境保护长效管理机制及城市湖库环境保护措施,为城市湖库及其他地表水的保护提供依据。     

Attribution of human infections with Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to livestock sources and identification of source‐specific risk factors,The Netherlands (2010–2014)

Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen of public health concern whose sources and transmission routes are difficult to trace. Using a combined source attribution and case–control analysis, we determined the relative contributions of four putative livestock sources (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, poultry) to human STEC infections and their associated dietary, animal contact, temporal and socio‐econo‐demographic risk factors in the Netherlands in 2010/2011–2014. Dutch source data were supplemented with those from other European countries with similar STEC epidemiology. Human STEC infections were attributed to sources using both the modified Dutch model (mDM) and the modified Hald model (mHM) supplied with the same O‐serotyping data. Cattle accounted for 48.6% (mDM) and 53.1% (mHM) of the 1,183 human cases attributed, followed by small ruminants (mDM: 23.5%; mHM: 25.4%), pigs (mDM: 12.5%; mHM: 5.7%) and poultry (mDM: 2.7%; mHM: 3.1%), whereas the sources of the remaining 12.8% of cases could not be attributed. Of the top five O‐serotypes infecting humans, O157, O26, O91 and O103 were mainly attributed to cattle (61%–75%) and O146 to small ruminants (71%–77%). Significant risk factors for human STEC infection as a whole were the consumption of beef, raw/undercooked meat or cured meat/cold cuts. For cattle‐attributed STEC infections, specific risk factors were consuming raw meat spreads and beef. Consuming raw/undercooked or minced meat were risk factors for STEC infections attributed to small ruminants. For STEC infections attributed to pigs, only consuming raw/undercooked meat was significant. Consuming minced meat, raw/undercooked meat or cured meat/cold cuts were associated with poultry‐attributed STEC infections. Consuming raw vegetables was protective for all STEC infections. We concluded that domestic ruminants account for approximately three‐quarters of reported human STEC infections, whereas pigs and poultry play a minor role and that risk factors for human STEC infection vary according to the attributed source.