黄土高原半干旱区景观化集水造绿空间网络构建——以甘肃环县为例

在"聚居背景—聚居活动—聚居建设"的景观"三元论"的哲学基础上,风景园林这一综合学科应对黄土高原的人居环境改善产生重要的作用。文章以黄土高原东部半干旱区环县的人居环境为研究对象,从人居角度分析影响集水造绿的各类因素,从降水、坡度、坡向、河流、泉眼等自然因素以及城镇、道路、水库等人工因素的角度评价集水造绿的适宜性;以GIS技术进行数据整理与量化分级,通过综合考量确定集水造绿的优势地带等级,即适宜度分析;识别集水造绿的"节点"与"路径";规划水绿双赢的空间网络。研究证明,在引入适当人为干预的情况下,通过"基底—节点—路径"方式构建的集水造绿优势空间网络能够适应人居环境集水造绿的需求。     

Hydromorphological rehabilitation improves channel morphology,instream biotopes,and macroinvertebrate communities,and thus enhances the conservation of an urban river

1. Many river rehabilitation projects have been criticized for failing to meet their goals or for being insufficiently monitored. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop robust approaches for assessing treatment efficacy and thus guide the increasing investment in rehabilitation.
2. Instream biotopes (formerly called ‘functional habitats’ or ‘mesohabitats’ by different authors) and their macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to assess the effectiveness of entire-channel hydromorphological rehabilitation of a 1.8-km stretch of a lowland stream through the town of Market Harborough, Leicestershire, UK.
3. The project successfully enhanced the physical diversity, measured in the rehabilitated reach as the coefficients of variability for channel water depth and width, wet surface area, number of instream biotopes, and biotope diversity.
4. The project also enhanced the biodiversity conservation value, measured as macroinvertebrate total density, total biomass, richness, diversity, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness, EPT diversity, EPT count%, and EPT biomass%, all of which significantly increased following rehabilitation. Chironomidae count% and biomass% significantly decreased following rehabilitation. Rehabilitation was also successful in significantly increasing macroinvertebrate shredder, scraper, and filter-feeder group density.
5. Changes in the macroinvertebrate community metrics in the rehabilitated reach were related significantly to changes in the percentages of cover of instream biotopes and increases in biotope diversity in the rehabilitated reach.
6. Macroinvertebrate structural and functional metrics can provide quantitative data for assessing reach-level rehabilitation outcomes, if samples are collected in a pre-defined sampling protocol stratified at the instream biotope level.
7. The practical implications of this work are that the design of rehabilitation projects, if based upon the recreation of biotope heterogeneity, will succeed in improving biological value and restoring the area to near naturalness if a suitable upstream source of macroinvertebrates for natural recolonization is available. The study shows that the concept of biotopes has an important role to play in river conservation management.

     

山西省实施封禁治理的做法与效果

水土保持综合治理中的封禁治理 ,是恢复生态、改善环境最有效、最快捷的办法。近年来山西省在封禁治理中进行的探索与实践 ,已取得良好的社会效果 ,促进了社会生产力的发展和生产关系的调整 ,引发了一系列深刻的变化。封禁治理需要一定的扶持资金作为保障 ,须建立起高素质的科技服务体系     

退牧还草改善草地生态环境

针对青海省草地生态环境趋于恶化的实际状况,提出退牧还草,改善草地生态环境建议和措施一是种植优良牧草,建立高产优质的人工草地;二是发展牧区二、三产业,搞好畜牧业服务体系建设;三是大力推广使用优质饲料产品;四是压缩非生产畜,缓解草场压力,走高效畜牧业路子;开展草地生态综合治理.     

Plant nutrients in a degraded soil treated with water treatment sludge and cultivated with grasses and leguminous plants

The objective of this work was to evaluate rates for applications of water treatment sludge (WTS) as a nutrient source for grasses and leguminous plants cropped in a soil degraded by tin mining in the Amazon Region (Natural Forest of Jamari, Rondonia State, Brazil). The treatments consisted of three rates of nitrogen supplied by WTS (100, 150 and 200 mg kg⁻¹ soil), five combinations of plants, two controls (absolute control, without fertilization; and chemical control, soil+lime+chemical fertilizers). WTS modified the contents of macro and micronutrients in the degraded soil, but it was not, as used in the present study, sufficient for the rehabilitation of the degraded area.     

Organic matter status and the size,activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora as indicators of the success of rehabilitation of mined sand dunes

The effectiveness of the rehabilitation of mined sand dunes on the northern coast of KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa, was assessed based on measurements of the total and labile organic matter content and the size, activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora. Soil was sampled (0–10 cm) after 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 years of rehabilitation and compared with soil under undisturbed native forest and under long-term commercial pine forest. Following topsoil removal, stockpiling and respreading on reformed dunes, there was a massive loss of organic C such that, at time zero, organic C content was only 24% of that present under native forest. Soil organic C content increased progressively during rehabilitation until, after 25 years, it represented 93% of that present under native forest. The pattern of change in light-fraction C, KMnO₄-extractable C, water-soluble C, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and arginine ammonification rate was broadly similar to that for organic C, but the extent of the initial loss and the magnitude of the subsequent increase differed. Microbial biomass C, water-soluble C and KMnO₄-extractable C, expressed as a percentage of organic C, declined during rehabilitation as humic substances progressively accumulated. Principal component (PC) analysis of catabolic response profiles to 36 substrates revealed that the catabolic diversity of microbial communities differed greatly between native forest, commercial pine forest, 0 years and 10 years of rehabilitation. On the PC1 axis, values for soils under native forest and after 25 years rehabilitation were similar, but there was still separation on the PC2 axis. The main factor explaining variation in response profiles on the PC1 axis was organic C content; and the greatest catabolic diversity occurred in soils under native forest and after 25 years of rehabilitation.     

西北地区植被恢复与建设的原则

 在分析植被建设工程存在问题的基础上,提出我国西北地区实施退耕还林、天然林保护、防沙治沙等工程的植被建设中需遵循8项原则:统一规划与协调一致的原则;建设多类型植被,以地带性植被为主的原则;建设手段采用人工与天然相结合,以天然为主的原则;保护、开发利用相结合,以保护为主的原则;充分利用种质资源,以乡土树种为主的原则;合理利用水资源,建设以免灌溉植被为主的原则;乔灌草相结合,以灌草为主的原则;多种繁殖材料相结合,以种子繁殖和天然“克隆”为主的原则。     

退耕还林地经济林发展问题探讨

阐述目前退耕还林工程退耕地还经济林发展现状,分析退耕地经济林发展中存在的主要问题与原因,提出对策建议。     

Comparison of two methods that assess soil community level physiological profiles in a forest ecosystem

There are currently two approaches that use whole soil to determine community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on C-substrate utilization. We assessed the Degens and Harris and MicroResp™ approaches for their ability to distinguish between previously mined and non-mined forest soils that are characterized by gradients in biological, chemical and physical properties. Surface soils (0-5 cm) were collected from two ages of forest rehabilitation (3- and 16-years post mining), within mounds and furrows (caused by contour ripping) and from adjacent non-mined forest soil. Microbial respiration response to individual substrates was six times greater from the Degens and Harris (1.84 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) than the MicroResp™ (0.31 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) approach. The MicroResp™ approach was able to distinguish between CLPP of the two ages of rehabilitation (P=0.05), whereas the Degens and Harris approach did not. Neither approach identified an overall difference between the CLPP of mined and adjacent non-mined forest. The MicroResp™ approach revealed a significant difference (P=0.03) in CLPP from mounds of the two rehabilitation ages but no differences between the furrows. In addition there was a difference (P=0.03) in CLPP between the mounds and furrows within the 3-year old rehabilitation but no difference between the mounds and furrows within the 16-year-old rehabilitation. However, the CLPP of mounds of the 3-year old rehabilitation were different (P=0.059) to adjacent non-mined forest, while the furrows were not. There was no difference in CLPP between the mounds or the furrows of the 16-year-old rehabilitation and adjacent non-mined forest. These results suggest that the aspect of microbial heterotrophic function measured in this study takes up to 3 years to re-establish in the furrows and between 3-16 years in the mounds of post-mined rehabilitation soils. Our results also indicated that the MicroResp™ was substantially better than the Degens and Harris approach in distinguishing between treatments; this is likely to be due to differences in substrate concentrations and soil water potentials between approaches. Testing of a more comprehensive range of organic compounds would likely provide greater ecological interpretation of the CLPP data.