The bryophyte layer in a calcareous grassland after a decade of contrasting mowing regimes

Analysis of variance and redundancy analysis were used to study the effects of mowing regime and herb canopy structure on the bryophyte layer of a calcareous grassland in southern Belgium. Species richness in mown and control plots did not significantly differ. In control plots, a number of grassland species were able to survive within a grassy-shrubby fringe 15 years after shrub cutting. This suggests that there might be a time-lag of at least 20 years before cessation of mowing results in a significant decrease in species number per m². Mown plots were mostly characterized by the almost complete cover of large pleurocarps. Mowing resulted in almost continuous herb and moss layers that were unfavourable for a number of annual bryophytes, many of which are of high conservation interest. It is suggested that grazing, which increases the number of species, especially the number of pioneers, is likely to be more beneficial to bryophytes.     

冬灌对越冬期土壤水分状况影响的数值模拟

根据土壤水动力学、地表能量平衡、空气动力学理论建立了越冬期土壤冻融条件下土壤—大气连续体的水热传输模型，包括冻融条件下土壤水热迁移子模型、地气间水热交换子模型。在该模型的基础上，模拟了北京地区冬灌对越冬期土壤水分状况的影响，从理论上得到了冬灌具有贮水作用的结论，并分析了合理的冬灌定额。     

灌溉入渗条件下农田土壤水盐动态简化模型及应用

率先采用线性简化式 ,并引入优先流系数来表示计算土层下边界渗漏水流通量 ;然后导出了计算土层入渗前后土壤储水量变化公式 ,在此基础上又引入淋洗系数 ,导出了入渗前后土壤储盐量变化公式。通过对公式的讨论 ,提出了灌溉水矿化度临界方程 ,讨论了淋洗系数和优先流系数的物理意义和影响因素。本文所建模型简单适用 ,而且与田间实测灌溉水矿化度临界方程极其吻合 ,可为农田灌溉水矿化度的选择提供参考     

Estimation of associative nitrogen fixation in relation to water regime and plant nutrition in a long-term pot experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The contribution of associative N₂ fixation to the N nutrition of lowland rice was estimated in a long-term pot experiment with ten consecutive crops of rice. The experiment comprised two N and two K levels with wet (WF) and dry fallow (DF) between the cropping seasons. Growth of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria was prevented. Greatest yields were obtained in the high NK fertilizer treatment, but with continuation of the experiment yields responsed more to DF than to WF. Nitrogenase activity, however, was favoured by WF. Higher K application increased and higher N application decreased nitrogenase activity. Under WF treatments the organic C and total N contents of the soil remained unchanged during the experimental period, but alternate drying and flooding in DF treatments caused a decline. Lower N fertilizer rates in the second five-crop period did not affect yields, but increased the ratio of N removed to N applied. For the ten-crop period the estimated N balance was positive in the low-N and negative in the high-N treatments. N balances were also established separately for both the first and the second halves of the ten-crop period. In the first period N losses were higher, and the N balance was mostly negative. In the second period only high-N combined with low-K fertilization resulted in a negative N balance. DF favoured N losses in the first but not in the second period. The highest N gain in the second period was found in the DF treatment with low-N and high-K application. In this treatment, nearly one-quarter of the N taken up by the above-ground parts of the plants could be ascribed to associative N₂ fixation. In the corresponding treatment with the higher N level and a 49% higher yield, the contribution of fixed N declined to less than 5%. When harvested straw contained more than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was mostly negative, while at N contents less than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was generally positive.     

Interannual variation in Neocalanus biomass in the Oyashio waters of the western North Pacific

We examined the interannual variation in Neocalanus copepod biomass in the Oyashio waters in spring and summer from 1972 to 1999. In the mid‐1970s, mesozooplankton biomass in spring was high; however, it decreased significantly in the late 1970s. The timing of the decrease in mesozooplankton biomass corresponded to the 1976/77 climatic regime shift. The biomass of N. flemingeri, which dominated the Neocalanus community, was roughly constant from 1980 to 1999. Although species‐level estimates of Neocalanus biomass were not available for the 1970s, a previous study reported that Neocalanus copepods were the predominant mesozooplankton in the Oyashio waters in spring during the 1970s. Neocalanus copepods dominated the mesozooplankton community throughout the 1970s, and their biomass decreased in the late 1970s. Springtime net community production, an index of new production, also decreased in the late 1970s. We suggest that the reduction in new production negatively affected Neocalanus food availability, resulting decreased copepod biomass. New production may have been limited by a combination of subsurface iron supplies, increased vertical density gradient, and reduced vertical water mixing in winter, which resulted in diminished iron entrainment in winter. In summer, mesozooplankton biomass significantly decreased and increased synchronously with the 1976/77 and 1988/89 climatic regime shifts. The biomass of N. plumchrus, which dominated the Neocalanus community, was low in the 1980s and increased in the early 1990s. The biomass of the second‐most dominant copepod, N. cristatus, also increased in the early 1990s. Neocalanus copepods were reported to be a dominant component of the mesozooplankton community in the 1970s; Neocalanus biomass was high in the mid‐1970s and decreased in the late 1970s. Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), an important predator of Neocalanus copepods, exhibited interannual variation in standing stock that was inversely related to mesozooplankton biomass. At their peak in 1984, sardines consumed 32–138% of the daily Neocalanus production during summer. Therefore, predation pressure on Neocalanus by Japanese sardine is likely to affect interannual variation in mesozooplankton biomass during the summer.     

水产养殖动物摄食节律与投喂模式的研究进展

投喂模式是集约化养殖管理的核心之一,是由投饲量(或投饲率)、投饲频率、投饲方式等环节构成的有机整体,使其最优化是获取最佳生长速度、减少饲料浪费、降低养殖自污染的有效途径。动物内在摄食节律则是建立科学投喂模式的生物学基础。投饲量和投饲频率与养殖动物的生长和饲料利用密切相关。文章针对国内外关于水产养殖动物摄食节律、投饲量、投饲频率和投饲方式等的最新进展进行综述,期望能对投喂模式的科学研究和生产实践有所帮助。     

播期密度及氮肥运筹方式对冬小麦籽粒产量的影响

通过不同播期、播种密度和氮肥运筹方式对不同冬小麦品种籽粒产量及构成因子影响的研究,探讨了通过调控播期、密度及氮肥运筹方式实现不同品种丰产高效的可能性。试验结果表明,播期、播种密度和氮肥运筹方式均显著影响小麦产量及产量构成因子,播期以10/15￣10/22最为适宜,播种密度以120万/km2￣240万/km2为宜,氮肥运筹方式以N210(3:5:2)最好,其次为N210(5:5)。保证供试小麦品种实现9000kg/hm2产量的高产途径为主茎和分蘖并重,适宜的产量结构为:4:4:4,即亩有效穗数39.4￣44.4万,穗粒数35.3￣40.0,千粒重40.2￣45.8g。     

发展节水型灌溉农业的研究

石羊河流域水资源缺乏,并时空分布不均,供需矛盾突出,严重威胁着流域下游民勤盆地沙漠绿洲的生存。本文根据观测试验资料,分析了甘肃石羊河流域内灌溉用水紧缺的原因。认为流域水管理的中心内容是合理运用水资源,即实行限额灌溉、建立综合性节水灌溉体系,促进流域内生态平衡。以春小麦为例,讨论了限额灌溉、储水灌溉和水费的合理征收问题。论述了地膜栽培、调整农业结构、渠系防渗衬砌、小畦灌溉等技术措施在节水中的作用。     

松嫩平原北部寒变性土的研究

2008年在黑龙江省松嫩平原北部的北安市(47.53°N,126.16°E)和依安县(47.45°N,125.13°E)所在的乌裕尔河阶地上的寒均腐土地区,进一步观察了7个土壤剖面,发现其中有3个剖面具有变性特征。其母质有第四系中更新世(Qp2)黄土性冲-湖积物,和白垩系的泥页岩风化物(K2)。诊断特征:全剖面黏粒(<2μm)含量330～480 g.kg-1;心土层棱柱状结构破碎成棱块状;可见楔形结构,或滑擦面;旱季土壤开裂,冻融期和雨季闭合。线膨胀系数可高达0.19 cm.cm-1,土壤代换量在34～37 cmol.kg-1之间。黏土矿物以伊蒙混层、蒙皂石为主,控制层段的蒙皂石总量约占66%～70%。按美国土壤系统分类检索,符合变性土纲的鉴定标准,将其划归寒变性土亚纲(Cryerts),其中土类有简育寒变性土(Haplocryerts),亚类有典型简育寒变性土(Typic Haplocryerts)和艳色简育寒变性土(Chromic Haplocryerts)。研究认为,本地的寒变性土主要是由于原母质和某些寒均腐土的心土层累积了大量膨胀性的伊蒙混层和蒙皂石黏土矿物,在干湿交替的气候和加速土壤侵蚀等综合因素影...     

典型泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对坡面侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对流域内坡面侵蚀的影响和作用,为泥石流的生态治理提供科学依据。[方法]以白龙江流域一级支沟——甘家沟泥石流小流域为研究区,基于该流域已建的5个径流小区(裸地、坡耕地、草地、土坎梯田、经济林地)连续5年的观测资料,利用K-均值聚类法,选择降雨量(P)、降雨历时(D)和最大30 min降雨强度(I₃₀)3个降雨指标,将该流域46次侵蚀性降雨事件划分为3类雨型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型),以平均径流系数和平均土壤流失量为主要指标,定量化分析了不同降雨雨型和土地利用类型对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用。[结果]径流和土壤流失对降雨的响应存在差异,平均径流系数为Ⅰ型降雨最高,其次为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型降雨;土壤流失量为Ⅱ型降雨>Ⅰ型降雨>Ⅲ型降雨。最大30 min降雨强度与5种土地利用类型的径流系数和土壤流失量的正相关性最高,其次为降雨量、降雨历时。5种土地利用类型的平均径流系数为裸地>经济林地>坡耕地>草地>土坎梯田,土壤流失量为裸地>坡耕地>经济林地>草地>土坎梯田。降雨和土地利用相互作用下,径流...