Multi-Objective Forest Landscape Projection Modelling-Problems and Prospects

Abstract

To be able to make the right decisions in forestry today, the long-term effect of these decisions has to be considered. Multi-objective forest landscape projection models are tools that can be used to illustrate the effect of different management alternatives in a landscape. An integrated approach facilitates multi-objective considerations and decisions. A number of modelling systems has been developed. A modelling system contains numerous sub-models, each one modelling a particular part of the forest ecosystem, the socio-economy or other aspects of interest. Models and data are intimately connected, and different methods for collecting data and their relevance for different models are examined. The sub-models interact with each other in such a way that the dynamics of a forest is simulated.

This article examines different sub-models for tree growth, economy, biodiversity, forest recreation and soil, and various uses for multi-objective forest landscape projection models are suggested and some examples are presented. Almost every model is associated with variation, uncertainty, and underlying assumptions. Errors in data and models, their origin and propagation through models, are discussed. The future development of forest models and their employment in planning and decision making are considered.     

自然游憩地步道系统规划设计

在以自然景观为主的各种游憩地，步道系统是其重要的交通配套设施，也是特色游览线路的主要承担者，具有布局自由灵活、节省开发资金、保护资源环境、增强游人游兴等优点。结合具体案例，以自然游憩地步道系统分类为基础，从景观序列组织、景观节点布局、线路选择、与其他交通方式的接驳等方面，总结几种典型的规划设计模式。     

An approach to clarifying public preferences about silvicultural systems: A case study concerning group selection and clear‐cutting

To avoid large clear‐cut areas in recreation areas, three experiments where group selection was used to transform even‐aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) into uneven‐aged stands were started. Two of these group selection stands were compared with adjacent forests managed by the clear‐cut system on the basis of the opinion of seven voluntary groups. The respondents have given their judgement of the forest sites in a semantic differential test. All parties made assessments when visiting the forest sites. In addition, two of the groups made assessments of black and white photographs representing the forest sites. The methods used were found to be both reliable and valid. A very low correlation was obtained between the assessment of whole forest areas and the mean value of the assessments of the stands within the same area. According to this study, the group selection method is preferable to clear‐cutting in even‐aged stands of Norway spruce if the attitudes of the voluntary groups are to be met.     

Hunting in Sweden: Extent,economic values and structural problems

This article, that is based on an empirical study, deals with the extent and economic values of moose hunting and hunting for other game, with a geographical division into Southern Sweden (Götaland and Svealand) and Northern Sweden (Norrland). Furthermore, structural problems regarding the allocation of hunting among hunters are discussed. About two‐thirds of the total hunting value of all game in the country refers to recreation and one‐third refers to meat. Considerably more than one‐half of the total hunting value of all game is attributable to moose hunting. Nearly three‐quarters of the total hunting value is accounted for by Southern Sweden, the main reasons being that the majority of hunters as well as the major part of the total bag is based in the south. The total (gross) hunting value does largely exceed the money that the hunters actually pay for their hunting. For many hunters, especially in Northern Sweden, there are large discrepancies between the actual extent of their hunting and their real preferences, which makes the value of hunting lower than it could have been.     

Moose management and the economic value of hunting: Towards bioeconomic analysis

An appropriate moose management requires knowledge about how the economy of moose, in terms of values (benefits) and costs, responds to alterations in the moose population. This article, that is based on an empirical study, focuses on one segment of this problem field—the value of moose hunting. It deals with the question of how this value, including aspects of recreation as well as meat, is changing when the moose population density is altered. Furthermore, the article discusses the significance to the hunting value of the moose population's age structure. Generally the hunting value increases—but at a decreasing rate—as the moose population density is increased. There are, however, large geographical differences, so that a certain increase in the moose population density means a lot to the hunting value in one region but less in another. Many moose hunters would, in consideration of their own hunting pleasure, prefer an adult/calve ratio for the bag of moose that diverges considerably from what is stipulated by the authorities.     

城市公园游憩型草坪空间的植物配置——以上海城市公园为例

植物配置在草坪空间设计中直接影响草坪空间和景观方面的构建,从而引导和控制游人的游憩行为。通过对上海城市公园典型案例的调查研究,分析了上海城市公园游憩型草坪空间的植物配置及游憩利用情况,进而归纳出开敞式、半开敞式、覆盖式、封闭式4种游憩型草坪空间的植物配置模式,以期对未来游憩型草坪空间植物配置设计提供参考。     

北京平原风景游憩林林相改造技术研究

通过一定技术的风景游憩林林相改造,既可有效地保护好森林植被,发挥森林的生态效应,又可提高游憩区的景观效果,从而实现森林的多功能特性。通过对北京平原林场的调查,从植物的生态学,植物学,美学和景观艺术等方面出发,对研究区风景游憩林的林相改造技术进行研究,提出了北京平原植物选择的方案与配置的各种模式,从而营造良好的植物景观游览环境。     

城市森林游憩需求特征分析——以武汉市居民为例

通过对729位武汉市居民的问卷调查,发现城市居民的森林游憩需求十分旺盛,在不同距离、不同类型的旅游地中,更倾向于到城郊尤其是城区边缘区生态环境好、森林集中分布的区域进行森林游憩活动;居民希望城市森林进行适度游憩开发,提供良好的旅游服务设施和体现森林生态特色的活动项目。调查结果对于城市生态建设、城市森林游憩地的规划与开发具有现实意义。     

海港城市休闲产业发展对策研究——以宁波为例

文章首先界定了休闲和休闲产业的概念，以海港城市——宁波为例，分析了影响宁波休闲产业发展的时间因素、收入因素、消费观念和消费结构因素，并从旅游产业、文化产业、体育产业和会展产业四大类别阐述了当前宁波的休闲产业结构，最后提出了宁波休闲产业发展的对策。