河流游憩规划的基本问题探讨

在对河流游憩概念认识、发展背景和研究进展进行分析的基础上,从资源保护的视角出发,对河流游憩规划的本质和国外规划实践中所面临的基本问题及其解决方法进行深入探讨,认为游憩利用和保护的关系协调、游憩和其他河流利用的关系协调、游憩利用本身所面临的问题是河流游憩规划需要解决的基本问题,得出保护性利用是河流游憩规划主旋律的结论。     

森林游憩区保健旅游资源的深度开发

在当前的旅游中 ,旅游资源的更新速度不断加快 .随着城市化进程的加剧和人们休闲保健意识的增强 ,森林保健旅游资源的开发利用已日益成为旅游开发中的热点 .该文通过对空气负离子、植物精气、森林空气细菌含量及林区气候的研究 ,表明森林环境是人类理想的休闲疗养场所 .并结合国内的实际情况 ,提出了调整林业产业结构、建立森林休疗所、加强森林保健知识宣传、营造人工模拟森林环境等开发措施 ,最后强调大力开发森林保健旅游资源是提高林业在国民经济中整体地位的重要举措 .     

Effect of Peat-based Container Media on Establishment of Scots Pine,Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings after Transplanting in Contrasting Water Conditions

Abstract

Urban woodlands are the subject of complex decision-making that requires a strategic overview of the resource. This article contributes a national study of municipal woodland in Denmark. Data were collected among all Danish municipalities through a postal survey (with a response rate of 52%). As much as 83% of the woodland units were located within urban settlements or at their fringe, emphasising that municipalities are important urban woodland providers. Municipal woodland resources were typically divided into many separate units of varying size. On average, the responding municipalities owned 12.6 woodland units with an allocated area of 265 ha, resulting in a mean size of 21.5 ha. A general lack of management plans, and a significant drop in recreational facilities provided with decreasing woodland size indicate that the recreational use potential of small woodland units was largely overlooked. Municipal woodland units frequently bordered other woodland or nature areas of different ownership. Thus even small municipal woodlands can play a key role in the development of multifunctional green infrastructures in the urban landscape. Only municipalities with extensive woodland property had issued a woodland policy, and/or certified woodland management. This indicates a need for development of governance and strategic management instruments attractive to municipalities with limited woodland property.     

Recreational preferences depending on thinning practice in young even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.): comparing the opinions of forest and landscape experts and the general population of Denmark

The aim of this study was to investigate to which extent forestry professionals, other “green” professionals (mainly landscape architects) and natural resource students in Denmark agree with the general population regarding their recreational preferences for contrasting stem densities in young, even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). The study was based on five pairs of colour photographs from each of the five recently thinned experimental plots in a 13-year-old stand. The plots represented five different residual stem densities: 7000 (unthinned), 5300 (traditional thinning), 1000, 300 and 100 stems ha^?1. All cut trees were left on the ground. The analysis was carried out as a survey of forest and landscape experts (n=158) and the general public (n=243) based on questionnaires. Interviewees ranked the photographs according to the criterion: “Which forest environment do you prefer as a visitor?” Principal component factor analysis showed that the general public tended to perceptually group photos according to similar overall pattern of openness, presence of row structure and stand accessibility (including presence/absence of slash). As long as a stand appeared accessible, stand density had little influence on their preferences for a wide range of stand densities (5300?300 stems ha^?1). In contrast, foresters, other “green” professionals and students seemed to perceptually group photos according to treatment type, and the presence of slash had little influence on their preferences. This suggests an influence of professional background, making experts visually analyse and evaluate stands according to contemporary management standards and paradigms within their own profession.     

Recreational tree-climbing programs in a rural Japanese community forest: Social impacts and “fun factors”

We examined whether recreational tree climbing (TC) activities would have positive social impacts and rejuvenate an outdoor activity center and surrounding community forest in central Japan. Our case study comprised 3800 adults and children participating in TC activities at the Jyokoji Outdoor Activity Center (JOAC) in Seto, Japan. We focused on 1393 adult participants whom we considered to be the decision makers regarding family recreation, and we explored both the social impacts of TC and various factors that contributed to and distracted from the overall experience. Qualitative and quantitative data indicated that elements such as age, gender, tree preferences, tree appreciation, tree education, and technical instruction influenced the enjoyment of recreational TC and the positive effects on tree climbers. Overall, the climbing program had positive social impacts for the community forest and contributed to local conservation initiatives. Our case study suggests that other areas can benefit from incorporating TC programs into community forest planning to complement aesthetic, ecological, and restoration benefits and provide a new venue for recreation and conservation awareness.     

岱海游乐场孔孢粉分析及其2500年来古气候演化

本文通过对岱海游乐场钻孔剖面沉积物孢粉的定性、半定量分析,并结合岩性、岩相变化,初步恢复了该地区２５００年来古植被、古气候演化过程。研究结果表明,岱海湖盆自２５００年来植被类型有典型草原—灌丛草原—森林草原—灌丛草原的演化过程,古气候有较暖湿—较暖干—较冷干—较冷湿—较冷干的变化过程。     

崇明东平森林公园游憩质量研究

从空气保健和森林美学两方面初步研究了东平森林公园的游憩质量,选择空气负氧离子浓度和空气质量评价系数(CI)来评价空气保健功能;选择物种丰富度、生活型结构、观赏特性以及空间分布格局多样性这四个指标来定量评价森林美学功能。对12个具有代表性的样点进行调查研究,结果表明:目前东平森林公园整体游憩质量尚未达到最佳水平。为满足崇明未来旅游需求,东平森林公园在面积、树种配置以及景观格局方面都有待提高。     

Economic potential of agroforestry for public recreational parks

The availability of public recreational facilities is being threatened by growing demands, limited supplies, and declining government funding. In response to these pressures, the economic potential of agroforestry for supplementing operating budgets of public recreational parks is examined in a case study park consisting of 324 hectares. Agroforestry enterprises native to the area were selected for development on 70 hectares of the site. Linear programming was used to determine the optimum combinations of 23 agroforestry regimes composed of the following activities: 1) conventional forestry planting, tree density of 1682 trees/hectare, 2) the selected agroforestry planting with hay, tree density of 1495 trees/hectare, 3) the selected agroforestry planting with grazing, 4) hay production, and 5) rental of pasture for grazing. The objective function of the study was to maximize the net present value of the study site subject to land, labor, capital, and minimum annual income constraints. The preferred optimal regime generated $1782 per hectare from an agroforestry planting configuration of 1495 trees/hectare with 75 percent hay, 25 percent grazing, and no annual income requirements. Minimum annual income requirements of $2400 and $4800 were feasible but suboptimal from a net present value criteria. The study found that agroforestry could be used to privatize selective activities of public recreational parks and thus enable public agencies to provide these facilities more effectively.     

The potential of intercropping as an alternative land use system in temperate North America

The success of many intercropping systems in North America is attributable to the generation of a short term return from an agricultural crop during the early, unprofitable years of a longer term crop that is fruit, nuts or wood. This highly-efficient use of land and related profitability are important not only in the development of intercropping systems per se, but also in other applications which have tremendous potential independent of profitability. For example, intercropping can be effectively used during the establishment phases of hardwood plantations where it is essential to have a high level of weed control, the costs of which are often recovered with the agricultural production. Intercropping can also be used to grow trees rapidly and with a form that can be easily integrated into recreational or park situations, or urban fringe areas. In an urban context, intercropping can be used to grow trees in agricultural areas that are likely to be developed where traditional forestry options are not appropriate and the value of younger, thrifty trees may enhance property values far in excess of the cash value of the wood.     

珠海市板樟山森林公园休闲保健型森林营建的研究

森林的多目标利用是当前林业界努力探索的方向,其中以维护大众健康为主的利用价值可能最易受到重视,休闲保健型森林以供人们休闲游憩、强身健体为主要经营目的,其营建在中国刚刚起步,其类型,作用、地位、意义,营建项目,途径和措施,以及与国民健康的关系等诸多方面不为大多数人所了解,本文强调森林在现代人休闲活动中的重要性,归纳了休闲保健型森林对人们精神,身体、技能诸方面的功效,以及休闲保健型森林的3种服务模式,介绍了珠海市板樟山森林公园休闲保健型森林的营建,并提出进一步改造的途径和措施;（1）诱鸟森林的营建;诱鸟林的选址,诱鸟林的植物配置,诱鸟区的活动项目设置。（2）休闲保健型森林改造的途径与措施;（1）营建四季分明,山花烂漫的森林;（2）具有人体保健功能的树种改造;（3）推行森林浴活动;（4）林相的整理与维护;（5）在自然保护的同时兼顾景观维护;（6）推行解说服务。