水稻剑叶角度与主穗产量的遗传剖析

理想水稻株型的选育与高产育种密切相关,而剑叶角度则是构成水稻理想株型的重要指标之一,同时也是影响水稻产量的重要因素。合理开发利用水稻中控制剑叶角度及产量相关的数量性状基因座位（QTL）,并结合分子育种技术,可更好地为高产制繁种目标服务。通过应用由244个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系（RIL）群体,构建含256个分子标记的连锁图谱,采用QTL区间作图法对剑叶角度及主穗产量等5个性状进行定位分析,共检测到17个QTL,分布于染色体1、2、3、5、6、9、10、11。这些QTL对相应性状的贡献率介于3.46%~25.64%之间。在第1染色体上检测到控制5个性状的QTL,其中控制剑叶角度的两个QTL;在第2、3、9、10、11染色体上分别检测到各一个QTL;第5染色体上检测到控制剑叶、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数的3个QTL;1个每穗实粒数和2个每穗实粒重的QTL分布于第6染色体上。多个区间表现出对两个性状的显著作用,其中第1染色体2个,第6染色体1个。相关性分析表明,较小的剑叶角度可通过提高结实率进而显著增加产量。     

重组鹿肉制品的加工特性

该文以不同营养、风味和加工特性的鹿肉和猪肉为原料,加非肉蛋白等营养强化物质,借谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)的粘合交联作用研制营养风味俱佳的重组鹿肉制品.单因素试验得出各因素对重组特性(剪切力、拉伸强度和蒸煮损失)的影响:TG-B(含1%TG、99%蛋白质)作用效果优于TG-A(含0.5%TG、99.5%蛋白质);大豆蛋白对重组特性和品质的作用效果优于脱脂麦胚蛋白、乳清蛋白、酪蛋白酸钠等非肉蛋白;TG-B的作用温度和时间、食盐和复合磷酸盐对嫩度和持水性的影响显著.借因子分析法和Plackett-Burman(PB)设计筛选出影响肉制品重组效果的主要因素为TG-B作用温度、食盐和大豆蛋白;运用中心组合设计和响应曲面分析优化出重组肉制品的最佳工艺参数为TG-B 0.5%、复合磷酸盐0.4%、食盐2%、大豆蛋白4.1%、42℃反应30 min、80℃灭酶20 min.     

Functional Metagenomics to Mine Soil Microbiome for Novel Cadmium Resistance Genetic Determinants

Metal resistance genes are valuable resources for genetic engineering of bioremediation tools. In this study, novel genetic determinants involved in cadmium (Cd) resistance were identified using a small-insert metagenomic DNA library constructed from an arable soil microbiome. A total of 16 recombinant plasmids harboring 49 putative open reading frames (ORFs) were found to be associated with enhanced Cd tolerance. In addition to several ORFs for ion transport/chelation and stress response, most ORFs were assumed to be associated with non-direct metal resistance mechanisms such as energy metabolism, protein/amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate/fatty acid metabolism, and signal transduction. Furthermore, 13 ORFs from five clones selected at random were cloned and subject to Cd resistance assay. Eight of these ORFs were positive for Cd resistance when expressed in Escherichia coli, among which four ORFs significantly reduced Cd accumulation and one increased Cd enrichment of the host cells. Notably, C1-ORF1, potentially encoding a histidine kinase-like adenosine triphosphatase, was the most effective Cd resistance determinant and reduced host Cd accumulation by 33.9%. These findings highlight the vast capacity of soil microbiome as a source of gene pool for bioengineering. The novel genetic determinants for Cd resistance identified in this study merit further systematic explorations into their molecular mechanisms.     

Introgressive hexaploid oats from the Avena abyssinica (♀) × A. sativa hybrid: performance, grain lipids and proteins

A fertile hexaploid oat plant was obtained after several generations of selection for seed set and plant type from a colchicine-produced decaploid hybrid, Avena abyssinica(2n = 4x = 28, AABB) × A. sativa (2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD). The selected line proved to be stably fertile and in many characteristics equal or superior to the hexaploid parent. The grain protein fractions showed two qualitative differences from those of the pollen parent and several differences from the maternal parent. The fractionating extraction used was new for oats. The fatty acid composition of grains of the hybrid derivative was similar to that of the pollen parent, but different from that of the maternal parent. The maternal parent (A. abyssinica) had a relatively high 16:0 fatty acid content (ca. 20.5 mol%) compared with the level of the hexaploid parent and the hybrid derivation (ca. 17.5 mol% each) in field-grown grain. However, in grain produced in the greenhouse, the hexaploids had ca. 20.5 mol% of 16:0 fatty acid and a decrease in 18:1 fatty acid, whereas seed of the A. abyssinica parent showed only a slight increase (ca.21.5 mol%) in 16:0 fatty acid. These and other responses statistically significant may be due to adaptation to temperature conditions being wider in the hexaploids than in the East-African A. abyssinica. A new method of grain lipid extraction was introduced and showed good reproducibility. The derived hexaploid oat can be crossed with A. sativa for breeding purposes and due to its early maturity might also have direct use in northern or high-altitude cultivation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fusarium vascular wilt in lentil: Inheritance and identification of DNA markers for resistance

The inheritance of resistance to lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis was investigated in a cross between resistant (ILL5588) and susceptible (L692–16-l(s)) lines. F_2:4 progenies and F_6:8, F_6:9 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were assessed for their wilt reaction for three seasons in a well-established wilt-sick plot. Resistance to wilt was conditioned by a single dominant gene in the populations studied. The map location of the Fw locus was identified for the first time through linkage to a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker (OPK-15₉₀₀) at 10.8 cM. Two other RAPD markers (OP-BH₈₀₀ and OP-DI5₅₀₀) identified by bulked segregant analysis were associated in the coupling phase with the resistance trait, and another marker (OP-C04₆₅₀) was associated with repulsion. The DNA markers reported here will provide a starting point in marker-assisted selection for vascular wilt resistance in lentil.     

Resistance to common bacterial blight in Phaseolus vulgaris L. recombinant inbred lines under natural infection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli

Among the main causes of poor yield in common beans are fungal, viral and bacterial diseases. Common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is one of the major bacterial diseases leading to significant losses in Brazil. Chemical control is ineffective, therefore, the use of resistant varieties becomes an interesting alternative. The objective of the present work was to evaluate disease resistance under natural infection of the pathogen in 109 recombinant inbred lines (F₇) of P. vulgaris originated from the cross HAB-52 (susceptible — snapbean) × BAC-6 (resistant — common bean) in two different environments, as well as to calculate genetic parameters to assist in the selection of promising materials to be used in the CBB resistance breeding program. The data of the genetic parameters were compared to those calculated for the F₃ generation originated from the same cross. The heritability results for DI (disease index) and VI (variation index) in F₃ were 26.85% and 0.26, respectively, whereas in F₇ they were 91.77% and 1.36, respectively. These results demonstrate a potential to be explored for this advanced population, that in the future, along with other pathogen variability studies and tests in other environments, may provide more information regarding a more precise evaluation of promising genotypes to be used in common bean breeding programs aiming to obtain CBB resistant varieties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种获得重组传染性法氏囊病病毒的新方法

采用 RT- PCR技术 ,从传染性法氏囊病病毒 (IBDV)细胞适应株 GZ911中扩增了 A片段的 2个片段 GA5和 GA3,从中国分离的 IBDV超强毒株 L X中扩增了 B片段的 2个片段 L B5和 L B3。将 GA5和 GA3克隆到质粒p Bss K的 Eco R / Kpn 位点 ,将 L B5和 L B3克隆到 p Bss K的 Eco R / Xba 位点 ,获得携带 GZ911完整 A片段基因的质粒 GA- p Bss K和携带 L X完整 B片段基因的质粒 L B- p Bss K。然后将 GZ911的 A片段 c DNA和 L X的 B片段c DNA分别插入带有巨细胞病毒立即早期加强子 /启动子的质粒 p AL TER- MAX中 ,获得重组质粒 GA- p AL TER和L B- p AL TER。用 GA- p AL TER和 L B- p AL TER共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞 (CEF) ,获得具有感染活性的重组 IBDV,命名为 r IBDV- GZ L X。该方法的建立为在体外对 IBDV的基因组进行遗传操作 ,进而彻底了解 IBDV基因的结构与功能的关系打下了基础。     

热解糖梭菌β-木糖苷酶的克隆表达及其水解木二糖的应用

对来源于Thermoanacrobacterium thermosaccharolyticum的糖苷水解酶39家族的β-木糖苷酶基因Tt-xyl39进行了重组表达和酶学性质的研究,为新型β-木糖苷酶的研发及应用奠定基础.通过比对T.thermosaccharolyticum 571的全基因组序列,从中克隆出一个新型β-...     

木质重组材料研究现状与发展

木材是一直为人类所用的传统材料,木质重组材料是将木材加工成组元,利用现代技术按木纹近乎平行的方向将木材组元重组的新型木质材料,包括集成材、单板层积材、重组装饰薄木和重组木等.文中概述了各类木质重组材料的国内外研究现状,分析了在森林资源状况,新型胶粘剂的发展,机械加工水平的提高以及建筑、装修和交通运输行业的发展等外部因素带动下的木质重组材料的新发展,并提出建议.     

不同磷、钾处理小麦苗期氮营养性状的QTL分析

【目的】 对不同浓度磷、钾处理下小麦苗期氮养分效率相关性状进行QTL分析,以深入理解磷、钾与氮养分效率的相互关系,为氮营养相关性状的图位克隆及分子标记辅助选择育种奠定基础。 【方法】 采用苗期液培试验,以“川35050 ×山农483”组合衍生的小麦重组自交系群体(131个株系)为研究材料,设置了中磷中钾(MPMK)、高磷(HP)、低磷1 (LP1)、低磷2 (LP2)、低磷3 (LP3),高钾(HK)、低钾1 (LK1)、低钾2 (LK2)、低钾3 (LK3)共9个处理,对不同磷、钾处理下的氮养分效率相关性状进行研究,并结合分子标记遗传图谱,从整个基因组水平对与小麦苗期氮养分效率相关的10个性状进行QTL定位及遗传分析。 【结果】 不同处理下的10个性状共检测到137个QTL,位于除3D外的20条染色体上,大部分QTL (89.05%)仅在单一处理下被定位到,有3个QTL (QRnue-1A.2、QSnue-1A.1和QTnue-1A.1)可在至少4个处理中被检测到,有5个QTL (QRnue-1A.1、QTnue-1A.1、QSnc-4A、QRnc-6A.3和QSnue-6B)可同时在低磷和低钾环境中被检测到。本研究还检测到至少包含3个以上QTL的QTL簇17个,分别位于1A、1B、2B、2D、3A、3B、4A、4B、5D、6A、6B、6D和7A染色体上,共涉及66个QTL,占QTL总数的48.18%。其中,有5个QTL簇仅与特定磷、钾处理有关,大多数QTL簇均同时定位了不同磷、钾处理的不同性状,许多QTL簇位点还与前人定位的生物量、产量及其他养分有关。 【结论】 磷、钾的供应能够显著影响小麦苗期对氮素的吸收利用及其相关QTL的表达。影响苗期小麦氮养分效率相关性状的QTL大多数仅在特定处理下被检测到,但大多数QTL会形成QTL簇,构成了控制氮养分效率的QTL热点,许多热点区域也与前人定位的许多成株期性状如生物量、产量及其他养分效率有关,这些QTL/基因密集区域及其特点的发现,为我们深入理解小麦氮养分效率的遗传控制特点及其与磷、钾养分供应的关系提供了新的视角,也为这些重要位点的克隆及其应用提供数据支持。