不同水温下虹鳟血液红细胞数及血清中血糖与矿质元素含量测定

采用显微记数法和使用日立7170A全自动生化分析仪与贝克曼CX-3电解质分析仪,测定水温14℃、19℃、23℃时虹鳟(Salmoirideus Gibbons)血液中红细胞数量和血清中血糖与矿质元素含量。结果表明:水温从14℃升至23℃,虹鳟血液红细胞数量显著减少;血清中血糖含量在水温19℃时表现为增加、在23℃时又表现为减少;铜元素含量在水温23℃时较14℃时增加84.06%,钾、磷、钙、镁、钠、氯、铁元素含量在水温23℃时较14℃时增幅为1.65%～33.66%。     

不同pH人工精浆对性逆转金鳟雄鱼精子活力的影响

研究了性逆转金鳟雄鱼（XX,伪雄鱼）精子在不同pH的人工精浆（ artificial seminal plasma,ASP）溶液中的活动情况。结果显示,随着pH的提高精子活力不断增强。伪雄鱼精子在不同ASP—pHs中培养1h后,pH9．5～10．5培养组精子活力超过正常雄鱼精子（XY）活力水平,且正常雄鱼精子与pH8．5～9．5培养组的精子活力不存在显著性差异（P〉0．05）。将金鳟伪雄鱼精液培育在pH8．5～10．5的ASP中,0～180min内,pH10．5中的精子寿命和激活比例都最佳,180min之后的精子寿命超过80s,激活比例在90％以上,显著好于其他pH组（P〈0．05）。在低温储藏12h后,正常雄鱼精子在ASP—pH10．5溶液中寿命时间最长,为（284．05±78．37）S,其次是同等稀释条件下的伪雄鱼精子寿命,其时间为（203．89±43．68）s,正常雄鱼精液原浆精子寿命最短,为（122．19±37．61）s。直接用金鳟伪雄鱼精液受精,发眼率和仔鱼上浮率仅为12．50％和8．77％,而通过pH10．5的ASP培养后,其发眼率和孵化率分别提高到了52％和49．95％。因此,在高pH的ASP中培养金鳟伪雄鱼精子能提高其活力和延长寿命。通过这种处理也能够显著的提高金鳟全雌和全雌三倍不育后代的育苗生产效率。     

虹鳟肌肉纤维组织学特性研究

[目的]为虹鳟肉质评定提供参考。[方法]用显微镜对组织切片进行观察,研究不同体重的虹鳟肌肉纤维组织学特性(背最长肌)。[结果]体重60～90 g虹鳟的肌肉纤维密度达到峰值,为(698.47±9.75)n/mm2;体重90～120 g虹鳟的肌肉纤维密度为(644.31±14.23)n/mm2;体重120～150 g虹鳟的肌肉纤维密度为(610.86±15.45)n/mm2;体重150～180 g虹鳟的肌肉纤维密度为(578.51±16.38)n/mm2;体重180～210 g虹鳟的肌肉纤维密度为(521.22±13.27)n/mm2。体重60～90 g虹鳟的肌纤维直径为(41.13±1.93)μm;体重90～120 g虹鳟的肌纤维直径为(43.67±1.49)μm,体重120～150 g虹鳟的肌纤维直径为(44.92±2.33)μm,体重150～180 g虹鳟的肌纤维直径为(46.38±0.94)μm,体重180～210 g虹鳟的肌纤维直径为(48.22±1.38)μm。[结论]随着体重的增加,虹鳟的肌纤维密度减小、肌纤维直径增加,但其变化幅度由营养状况、年龄和体重决定。     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

Home range and seasonal movement of taimen,Hucho taimen,in Mongolia

Gilroy DJ, Jensen OP, Allen BC, Chandra S, Ganzorig B, Hogan Z, Maxted JT, Vander Zanden MJ. Home range and seasonal movement of taimen, Hucho taimen, in Mongolia.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 545–554. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract –  Taimen, Hucho taimen, is the world’s largest salmonid and a prized sport fish. We used radio and acoustic telemetry to characterise movements of adult taimen in an extensive river system, the Eg–Uur, in north‐central Mongolia. Forty‐six taimen were tagged with transmitters (27 radio, 17 acoustic and 2 radio‐acoustic combined) and tracked from 2004 to 2008 using mobile surveys and fixed receivers. The mean home range of individual taimen tracked for an average of 2.4 years was 23 km (N = 41, range = 0.5–93.2 km). Of the fish with over 10 relocations (N = 16), 90% remained within a range of 38 km. Four distinct movement patterns were observed: (i) restricted core home range, (ii) core range with seasonal departures, (iii) core range with separate seasonal range and (iv) home range transfer. Movement was greatest in May and June (spawning and postspawning period) with another peak period of movement in September and October (water temperature cooling).     

Genetic characterization of Portuguese brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and comparison with other European populations

Abstract– Allozyme and other protein loci were examined to study the genetic structure of Portuguese brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) populations. A total of 247 individuals from three tributaries of the Lima hydrological basin and a hatchery, all located in northern Portugal, were analyzed. Four of 22 protein coding loci were found to be polymorphic: CK-A1^*, GPI-A2^*, MPI-2^* and TF^*. A new allelc at the latter locus was found in Atlantic populations. The data obtained for Portuguese brown trout were compared with published data for 14 European populations and three hatchery stocks. Six polymorphic loci (CK-A1^*, GPI-A2^*, GPI-B2^*, LDH-C^*, ME^* and MPI-2^*) were used in a cluster analysis. This showed the similarity of Portuguese natural populations and northern Iberian populations and that Portuguese hatchery fish have an autochthonous origin, distinct from that of other Atlantic hatchery stocks.     

Effects of dietary β-carotene on the immune response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

SUMMARY: We attempt to assess the impact of different levels of dietary β-carotene on immune function in rainbow trout. Semi-purified diets containing 0, 40, 200, and 400 mg β-carotene/kg dry diet were fed for 12 weeks to fish with average weight of 45 g. In addition to the humoral and cellular immune parameters, growth and feed utilization were examined. There were no marked differences in growth and feed utilization showing that β-carotene was not particularly efficient in enhancing growth of rainbow trout. Of the immune parameters measured, total immunoglobulin was significantly highest for the 200 mg β-carotene fed group. Serum complement activity (alternate pathway) at 200 and 400 mg β-carotene supplementation was significantly higher than that of the unsupplemented group. An increasing trend in lysozyme activity was observed, however, the differences among the groups were not significant. Phagocytic activity was similar among diet groups except at the highest level of supplementation where it was the maximum. Oxygen radical production by peripheral blood leukocytes appeared to be lower at higher levels of carotenoid supplementation. Overall, dietary β-carotene clearly enhanced immune response parameters in rainbow trout such as serum complement activity and total plasma immunoglobulin but did not show a definite influence for the other factors examined in the present study.     

Landscape attributes and life history variability shape genetic structure of trout populations in a stream network

Spatial and temporal landscape patterns have long been recognized to influence biological processes, but these processes often operate at scales that are difficult to study by conventional means. Inferences from genetic markers can overcome some of these limitations. We used a landscape genetics approach to test hypotheses concerning landscape processes influencing the demography of Lahontan cutthroat trout in a complex stream network in the Great Basin desert of the western US. Predictions were tested with population- and individual-based analyses of microsatellite DNA variation, reflecting patterns of dispersal, population stability, and local effective population sizes. Complementary genetic inferences suggested samples from migratory corridors housed a mixture of fish from tributaries, as predicted based on assumed migratory life histories in those habitats. Also as predicted, populations presumed to have greater proportions of migratory fish or from physically connected, large, or high quality habitats had higher genetic variability and reduced genetic differentiation from other populations. Populations thought to contain largely non-migratory individuals generally showed the opposite pattern, suggesting behavioral isolation. Estimated effective sizes were small, and we identified significant and severe genetic bottlenecks in several populations that were isolated, recently founded, or that inhabit streams that desiccate frequently. Overall, this work suggested that Lahontan cutthroat trout populations in stream networks are affected by a combination of landscape and metapopulation processes. Results also demonstrated that genetic patterns can reveal unexpected processes, even within a system that is well studied from a conventional ecological perspective.     

Association of brook trout and Oncorhynchus spp. with large wood jams in a Lake Superior tributary in a northern old‐growth watershed

Wood in streams functions as fish habitat, but relationships between fish abundance (or size) and large wood in streams are not consistent. One possible reason for variable relationships between fish and wood in streams is that the association of fish with wood habitat may depend on ecological context such as large‐scale geomorphology. We studied the relationship between salmonid assemblages and large wood jams (LWJ) in four settings that differed geomorphically at the scale of the stream corridor along a tributary to Lake Superior in old‐growth conifer–hardwood forest in northern Michigan. The focal fish species of this study were brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), which were wild in the stream. Relocation efforts for coaster brook trout (an adfluvial life history variant of brook trout) were ongoing in the study stream. We measured fish abundance and length in pairs of pools of similar size and substrate, but varying in the presence of LWJ; this allowed us to evaluate associations of fish simply with the presence of LWJ rather than with other channel or flow‐shaping functions of LWJ. The length of Oncorhynchus spp. and young introduced brook trout was not strongly correlated with LWJ presence; however, the presence of LWJ in pools was positively correlated with larger wild brook trout. We also found that the correspondence of LWJ with the abundance of salmonids appears to be moderated by the presence of alternative habitat in this relatively natural, old‐growth forest stream.     

Pre-stocking acclimatisation of brown trout Salmo trutta: effects on growth and capture in a fast-flowing river

Abstract  A field experiment was carried out over two consecutive years in a fast-flowing river to evaluate the effects of a 5-day acclimation period on the subsequent growth and capture of stocked juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Post-stocking growth of both acclimated and non-acclimated fish remained very poor for at least 44 to 50 days. After this slow start, all fish grew significantly but acclimated trout performed 40.1% better than non-acclimated individuals. However, the better growth did not lead to higher capture rates. Capture success post-stocking was low, regardless of acclimation. Flooding, combined with low fitness of the stocked fish in the first weeks was considered the main reason for the unsatisfactory stocking success. It was concluded that in-stream acclimation aids rapid adaptation of stocked trout and thus imparts some growth advantages, although this does not necessarily result in higher yields.