A system for automatic recording of fish tagged with coded acoustic transmitters

A telemetry system designed to automatically record the presence and swimming direction of fish tagged with coded acoustic transmitters is described. The present paper presents results from an extensive mapping of signal strengths and the proportion of correctly identified codes from a transmitter at various positions outside automatic listening stations (ALS). The system is evaluated on the basis of two field seasons, during which 107 Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were tagged with acoustic transmitters in a fjord system in south-western Norway. By installing one ALS (two at high water discharges) in the mouth of the River Suldalslågen and two ALSs in the Hylsfjord, the presence and swimming direction of all tagged salmon entering the river and the inner part of the 750-m-wide Hylsfjord were recorded.     

Methods for studying spatial behaviour of freshwater fishes in the natural environment

Spatial behaviour of fishes in fresh and brackish water ranges in temporal scales between localized diel movements, often associated with foraging and predator evasion, to seasonal or life‐cycle related events involving movements between freshwater habitats or freshwater and marine biotopes. Recent technological advances have resulted in dramatic improvements in the range of techniques available for the study of spatial behaviour of freshwater fishes in the natural environment, and broadly may be divided into two categories: capture dependent and capture independent. The former incorporates those methods that rely on sampling marked fish (mark–recapture) or unmarked fish (density estimates, catch per unit effort) over defined scales of time and space in order to derive information on distribution and movement. Captured fish may also be tagged with transmitters that radiate energy, enabling the fish to be tracked and/or environmental data to be gathered. Biochemical analysis of samples from fish, requiring non‐destructive sampling (genetic analysis and scale microchemistry) or destructive sampling (otolith microchemistry) may also provide information on migration and ontogenetic processes. Capture independent techniques include visual observation and video techniques, hydroacoustics and automated fish counting. Catch per unit effort and mark–recapture techniques are most efficient where long‐term fishery or monitoring studies are in place and data on crude spatial and temporal scales are acceptable. They also have the advantages of low technical requirements and low equipment costs. Where specific management or ecological questions are pertinent, recapture independent techniques may be more appropriate. Telemetric methods can provide high resolution information at the individual level, while hydroacoustics is increasingly providing information at the population level in large lake and river environments. Biochemical methods are becoming increasingly useful in determining the extent of population segregation, where DNA analysis is used, and in the study of migration and ontogenetic changes in behaviour, where otolith microchemistry and stable isotope analysis is used.     

Movements by wild brown trout in a boreal river: response to habitat and flow contrasts

Abstract  Radio transmitters were implanted in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in the River Måna at low summer water flows ( n  = 18), higher flow in summer ( n  =   20), and variable, peaking flows in autumn ( n  =   20), and tracked two to four times day and night for 4–5 weeks. Individuals were caught and released in a 4-km uniformly channelised section, and in a 4-km natural diverse river section. Substantial individual variation in home range and total movement (924–85 818 m² and 295–7014 m) suggested flexibility to adapt to local environmental conditions. Fish were stationary most of the time (median movement 0 m), but some individuals undertook few and apparently sporadic longer movements, sometimes involving shifts in home range. No consistent diurnal pattern in movements was found. Trout in the uniform habitat section appeared to have larger home ranges and moved more than trout in the natural section. Differences were, however, not statistically significant in most comparisons, due to large individual variation. Similarly, larger home ranges and movements between trials related to higher flow were found, but differences were generally not significant. No consistent effects of sudden, extreme peaking flows on area use or movements by the brown trout were observed.     

EOS/MODIS遥感监测在甘肃迭部重大森林火灾中的应用

森林生态系统是陆地自然生态系统中最大的生态系统,它在整个自然界的动态平衡中具有重要的作用.森林火灾是生态环境的一种重大自然灾害,全世界每年发生森林火灾几十万次.特别是20世纪80年代以来,全球气候持续变暖,林火有上升的趋势(舒立福等,1997).     

射频识别技术在粮食供应链体系中的应用研究

将射频识别技术应用于粮食供应链系统中,力求实现供应链体系运行的快速与高效.介绍了射频识别技术的基本原理及特点,在此基础上构建了粮食供应链管理系统的系统模型,并给出了粮食供应链管理系统的系统架构,以及基于射频识别技术的实现过程,最后对现存的问题和相应对策进行了概述.     

无线射频所有权转移协议在中药材溯源中的应用

针对现有的所有权转移协议,大多只涉及到单个标签的所有权转移过程,普遍存在隐私数据泄露、所有权转移过程不稳定等问题,该文在轻量级加密算法的基础上,提出一种改进的共享所有权转移协议（TSOTP,TTP model shared ownership transfer protocol）,采用基于可信第三方（TTP,trusted third party）的对称加密机制,在完成初始标签认证后,通过TTP授权认证,使用对称加密算法,产生群组对称密钥,新所有者利用共享群组密钥对标签身份进行认证,然后为标签分配新的密钥,从而最终获得授权,读取标签中包含的药材敏感数据。TSOTP协议能够提高标签在所有权转移过程中的稳定性,很好地实现所有权在共享用户之间的安全转移,保证标签的数据安全,减少隐私数据泄露、Dos攻击、重放攻击等风险,提高前向与后向安全性,同时可以避免所有权重复转移,简化了标签认证计算量。经过试验证明,TSOTP协议与群组所有权转移协议（GOT,group ownership transfer）协议相比,标签数据库认证消耗时间节省57%,标签计算量消耗时间节省38%,能够成功阻止重放攻击和异步攻击等,具备较好的稳定性和认证效率,可以满足中药材质量溯源系统的研究需要,研究结果为建立中药材质量溯源系统的标签安全机制提供了技术参考。     

热风辅助射频间歇干燥对稻米理化特性的影响（英文稿）

论文采用热风辅助射频干燥和间歇缓苏技术进行了稻谷产后处理。研究了极板间距（100、110、120 mm）、物料温度（50、55、60°C）、风速（0.5、1.5、2.5 m/s）等参数对稻米品质（整精米产量、破碎率、垩白度、长宽比、不良粒率、脂肪酸值和新鲜度）的影响,获得了最优干燥工艺条件为：极板间距110 mm、物料温度60°C、风速2.5 m/s。研究表明,与热风干燥相比,射频加热提高整精米产量、新鲜度,降低破碎率分别高达16.21%、36.48%和26.45%。热风辅助射频干燥和热风干燥样品的黄度、长宽比和脂肪酸值差异不显著（P > 0.05）,而前者的垩白度略高于后者。研究结果对于工业规模上应用热风辅助射频干燥技术改善稻米品质具有重要的指导意义。     

Telemetry research on elusive wildlife: A synthesis of studies on giant pandas

Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts. For example, telemetry studies of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) have shed light on many aspects of panda biology, but small sample sizes in each separate study make it difficult to draw broad conclusions. To overcome this problem we conducted the first synthesis of all 5 panda telemetry studies conducted to date. Using these data we investigated patterns in 6 main topics: home range, space–use interactions, core areas, movement patterns, seasonal migration and natal dispersal. We found that panda home range sizes do not vary between 2 main mountain ranges (Qionglai and Qinling), as was previously believed. Our results also suggest that female pandas increase their movement in the mating season: a behavior typically attributed only to males. We found and summarized telemetry and genetic evidence for female natal dispersal in the giant panda. Our synthesis highlights the need for additional research relating panda behavior to human disturbance factors, and can aid future studies on giant pandas as well as other species.