多泥沙河流水质监测方法探讨

多泥沙水体的水质监测和评价一直是人们关注的重点。文中对渭河临潼水文站采集的洪水期和非洪水期含泥沙水样分别进行不同保存和预处理情况下的水质分析,结果表明:原状水COD、TN和TP随水体含沙量的增大呈显著上升趋势,上清液和过滤液COD、TN和TP随水体含沙量的增大呈微下降趋势。保存方法对原状水监测值影响较大,其影响随含沙量的增大逐渐增大;对上清液和过滤液影响较小,其影响随含沙量的增大逐渐降低。提出原状水水质监测值可作为水体中污染物总量和非点源负荷总量的计算依据;上清液水质监测值可作为水质评价以及水污染控制中水体中有效污染物总量和有效非点源负荷总量的计算依据。过滤液监测值可作为水体中溶解性污染物负荷总量的计算及其水质评价的依据。最后对各场洪水污染负荷总量和非点源污染负荷总量进行了实例计算。     

大果优质草莓引种研究初报

本文引入国内其它单位选育或引入的大果优质草莓新品种,进行了主要性状的观察记载,结果表明：在广州气候条件下,弗吉利亚,美丰,哈尼,丰香表现最好,全明星表现一般,硕蜜,９３０４两个品种基本不适应广州地区栽培。     

不同青花菜品种形态和品质性状比较

筛选外观优异、品质优良的青花菜品种,以期为青花菜品质改良提供材料基础.笔者以国内常见的19个青花菜品种为材料,对其花球质量、花球直径、花球茎粗、花球形状、蕾粒大小、花球色泽、叶绿素、含水量、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性总糖及维生素C等形态和品质指标进行测定与分析.结果 表明,不同青花菜品种形态和品质之间存在一定差异,多数青花菜...     

有机肥替代部分化肥对葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

为减少葡萄园化肥的施用量,从而改良土壤和提高果实品质,试验以5年生户太八号葡萄为试验材料,研究1 t/666.7m2、3 t/666.7m2、5 t/666.7m2和7 t/666.7m2有机肥处理对土壤理化性质、树体生长发育及果实品质的影响。有机肥替代部分化肥与单施化肥相比可以提高土壤透气性,降低土壤pH值,改善土壤微环境。与单独施用100 kg/666.7m2硫酸钾复合肥相比,用5 t/666.7m2有机肥替代50 kg/666.7m2硫酸钾复合肥的处理土壤有机质含量、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了30.98%、16.79%、43.04%和19.08%,枝条长度、粗度及叶绿素含量分别增加11.46%、7.27%和6.45%,葡萄穗重、单粒重、硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖分别提高了19.19%、8.31%、17.90%、8.49%、8.26%,可滴定酸含量降低了12.24%。综合分析认为5 t/666.7m2有机肥替代50 kg/666.7m2硫酸钾复合肥的处理效果较好,适宜在陕西地区推广应用。     

不同品种的大米品质评价分析

为探讨不同品种大米的品质,以6种不同品种样品为材料,评价其外观品质和蒸煮食用品质。结果：除了S6样品垩白度1．49％,其余粳米样品和糯米的各个外观品质测定结果,均符合一级精米标准;但样品间蒸煮食用品质还存在较大差异。大米的外观品质和蒸煮特性两者结合可以较为客观的评价大米的食用品质。     

A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments

Background, Goal and Scope  To date, standardised bioassays for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential in sediments and dredged material use test organisms like bacteria, algae and crustaceae. This paper presents the development and application of a novel sediment contact test (whole sediment) withMyriophyllum aquaticum, a representative of rooted aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the value of a sediment contact test with rooted macrophytes as a supplement to existing test batteries in order to improve the assessment of sediment toxicity. Methods  The newly developed sediment contact test withMyriophylhim aquaticum was applied to natural whole sediments. For performing the test, whorls ofMyriophyllum aquaticum were directly planted in the native sediment and incubated in the light at 24°C (cf. section results and discussion). The end points of the test were the number of the shoots and the fresh weight of the whole plants. The duckweed growth inhibition test withLemna minor according to ISO/DIS 20079 was performed in pore waters from sediment samples. The results of the sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum were compared with each other and with those of the aquatic duckweed test. Results and Discussion  A test protocol for the new plant-based sediment contact test using the aquatic plantMyriophyllum aquaticum as an indicator was developed. The best control sediment proved to be the OECD sediment (OECD 207). A test period of 10 days appeared to be sufficient for the test. The increase of biomass and the derived growth rate were found to be the most suitable evaluation parameters. The growth behaviour ofMyriophyllum aquaticum differed depending on the origin of sediments. Therefore, plant-affecting contamination, that is bound in sediments, was indicated. Conclusions  The novel sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum can indicate phytotoxic effects in sediments. Therefore, it allows a better assessment of the overall-toxicity in whole sediments. Recommendations and Outlook  The sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological risk potential of waters and sediments. It should become a complement to a standardised test battery generally used for the assessment of sediment toxicity.     

根际注射施肥对黄土高原苹果氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

【目的】在西北黄土高原地区,春季干旱少雨和肥料利用率低限制着生产优质苹果。国外通常应用水肥一体化技术来克服水肥利用率低的问题,但由于其硬件设施要求高,投资大,短期内在我国难以推广。近年来我国采用的根际注射施肥可利用施肥枪将肥料溶液直接注入根际土壤中,施肥成本低且技术简单。本研究利用同位素15N示踪技术,研究根际注射施肥对苹果氮素吸收利用及产量品质的影响,可为黄土高原果园水肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】以9年生富士/M26/新疆野苹果为试验材料,利用15N尿素标记肥料去向,最后通过MAT-251质谱计测15N丰度,得出果树各器官和土壤的肥料利用率。同时利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)测定标记叶片的SPAD值,用浸以磷酸甘油溶液的海绵进行田间原位测定,得到土壤氨挥发的量,用静态箱—气相色谱法测定土壤的N2O逸失量。综合对比分析黄土高原传统环状开沟撒施肥与根际注射施肥对苹果吸收利用氮素、肥料氮在土壤中残留及果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】黄土高原苹果园根际注射施肥的优越性体现在:1)施肥后一个月内,果园土壤的气态氮素损失发生变化,根际注射施肥比传统环状开沟施肥的氨挥发总量低54.9%,同时N2O的排放通量低5.0%。2)根际注射施肥后,促进了肥料在土壤中的扩散范围,扩大了根系肥水吸收容积,叶片和果实吸收的肥料氮比例(Ndff%)在整个生长季始终处于较高水平。生长季末期,根际注射施肥的整株氮素当季吸收率为53.04%,比环状开沟施肥提高12.25个百分点,表明根际注射施肥有利于氮素更快地被吸收利用,显著提高苹果树的氮素当季利用率。3)生长季末,在0—60 cm土层内,根际注射施肥的土壤氮素残留率为36.55%,而环状开沟施肥为43.13%,前者显著低于后者。4)在整个生长季内,根际注射施肥处理下的树体新梢叶片内叶绿素含量(SPAD)值一直高于环状开沟施肥。根际注射施肥能提高苹果单株产量和单果重,其单果重和单株产量分别比环状开沟施肥处理提高了3.8%和19.7%。【结论】黄土高原地区推广的果树根际注射施肥技术可以有效提高苹果树体氮素的利用率,降低了土壤中的氮素残留。此外注射施肥的深度、注射量、密度和时间均可根据不同时期的养分需要随时调整,使水肥在土壤中均匀分布,达到节水节肥的目的。同时可避免传统施肥时挖坑作业对浅土层吸收根的损伤,降低劳动力成本。综合来看,根际注射施肥是提高黄土高原区旱地苹果树肥水利用率、产量和品质的有效方式之一。     

冻融循环下冷冻非发酵面团品质的变化及机理

为了探讨储运销售过程引起的冻融循环对冷冻非发酵面团品质的影响,利用低场核磁共振分析仪（LF-NMR）、质构仪与流变仪等对样品面团水分与蛋白质组分、质构与流变特性进行测定,研究冻融循环下冷冻非发酵面团品质变化。结果表明：5次冻融交替中,失水率显著上升,达至3.14%;总水分中半结合水含量在 F1后整体呈下降趋势,表明冻融循环过程中,半结合水不断散失;至第5次冻融时,醇溶蛋白含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,谷蛋白与谷蛋白大分子聚合物（GMP）含量至第4次冻融后均显著下降（P＜0.05）,分别降至2.26%与0.70%;生面坯剪切力显著上升,强韧性则与之相反;熟面坯硬度呈上升再下降趋势,黏性基本呈上升,弹性呈下降趋势;弹性模量G'与黏性模量G'均呈下降趋势,且在第4次时,tanδ（tanδ=G'/G'）至最大,表明G'的变化程度比G'大。由此可见,冻融循环致使冷冻非发酵面团品质有所下降。总而言之,冻融循环对冷冻非发酵面团的品质下降产生一定的负面影响。     

农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——案例分析

农村面源污染问题日益突出,是当前水污染控制与水环境改善的重点和难点。“十一五”期间,在国家水专项的支持下,以农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论（源头减量-过程阻断-养分再利用-生态修复）为指导,选择江苏省无锡市的直湖港小流域龙延村为综合示范区进行了技术的集成与工程化应用,取得了良好效果。本文以此为典型案例,详细介绍了综合示范区的污染现状、“4R”技术的集成应用与衔接配套、各项技术应用的污染控制效果以及区域环境改善效果,并对“4R”理论的核心内涵以及未来的发展进行了总结和讨论。     

Tillage and the environment in sub-tropical Australia—Tradeoffs and challenges

Tillage is defined here in a broad sense, including disturbance of the soil and crop residues, wheel traffic and sowing opportunities. In sub-tropical, semi-arid cropping areas in Australia, tillage systems have evolved from intensively tilled bare fallow systems, with high soil losses, to reduced and no tillage systems. In recent years, the use of controlled traffic has also increased. These conservation tillage systems are successful in reducing water erosion of soil and sediment-bound chemicals. Control of runoff of dissolved nutrients and weakly sorbed chemicals is less certain. Adoption of new practices appears to have been related to practical and economic considerations, and proved to be more profitable after a considerable period of research and development. However there are still challenges. One challenge is to ensure that systems that reduce soil erosion, which may involve greater use of chemicals, do not degrade water quality in streams. Another challenge is to ensure that systems that improve water entry do not increase drainage below the crop root zone, which would increase the risk of salinity. Better understanding of how tillage practices influence soil hydrology, runoff and erosion processes should lead to better tillage systems and enable better management of risks to water quality and soil health. Finally, the need to determine the effectiveness of in-field management practices in achieving stream water quality targets in large, multi-land use catchments will challenge our current knowledge base and the tools available.