Alterations in enzyme activities in vital organs of triploid female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Triploid Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) showed sterility and higher growth potential than the normal diploid fish. Activities of some metabolic enzymes such as cytosolic NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), mitochondrial NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were evaluated in liver, brain and kidney along with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P D) in ovary of female triploid catfish. Activities of these enzymes showed distinct seasonal periodicity, mostly with highest activities in prespawning and spawning periods, in both diploid and triploid catfish but differed in magnitude. In triploid liver, GPT showed higher activity than the diploid counterpart in prespawning and spawning periods. On the contrary, mitochondrial NAD-MDH and cytosolic NADP-MDH in this organ showed a consistent lower activity than the diploid in all stages or in some stages of reproductive cycle respectively. Interestingly, none of the enzymes in brain and kidney of triploid female catfish showed significant changes in comparison to the diploid counterpart. The triploid ovary maintained a significantly lower level of G-6-P D activity throughout the resting, preparatory and pre-spawning periods compared to the diploid ovary. Lower level of malic enzymes (NAD-MDH and NADP-MDH) in liver and G-6-P D in ovary are in close synchrony with lower level of estradiol-17β in plasma of female triploids as found in earlier study.     

丙氨酸和三甲胺对林可霉素发酵的影响及部分相关基因的转录水平

为了研究添加丙氨酸和三甲胺对林可霉素工业生产菌株Streptomyce lincolnensis发酵过程中的工艺参数和相关基因转录的影响,对发酵液和菌体分别进行生物效价测定以及lmbG、PK和ASA基因的表达量测定。结果表明:15 L罐发酵水平,在发酵培养24 h时添加0.1 g/L的丙氨酸处理与对照相比效价提高了23%,林肯链霉菌生物合成基因簇中的基因lmbG的转录水平远高于对照,丙酮酸激酶(PK)的基因表达量明显降低;在发酵培养24 h时添加0.02%的三甲胺处理与对照相比效价提高了30%,lmbG的转录水平明显提高,邻氨基苯甲酸合成酶(ASA)的基因转录水平降低。说明添加丙氨酸和三甲胺可以明显提高林可霉素产量,且对其生物合成基因可能具有正向调控作用。     

锥虫中的糖体

锥虫有许多生化特性，其中之一就是糖体，血液型锥虫由于线粒体发育不全，生存所需的能量只能通过葡萄糖在糖体中进行酵解来获得。糖体中含有与糖酵解有关的酶。１ 摩尔葡萄糖在糖体中经过酵解可获得２ 摩尔ＡＴＰ。糖体的特殊结构组成使得糖体可提供足够的能量供锥虫生存     

Aeromonas caviae inhibits hepatic enzymes of the phosphotransfer network in experimentally infected silver catfish: Impairment on bioenergetics

Several studies have been demonstrated that phosphotransfer network, through the adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, allows for new perspectives leading to understanding of disease conditions associated with disturbances in energy metabolism, metabolic monitoring and signalling. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether experimental infection by Aeromonas caviae alters hepatic AK and PK activities of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Hepatic AK and PK activities decreased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals, as well as the hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Also, a severe hepatic damage was observed in the infected animals due to the presence of dilation and congestion of vessels, degeneration of hepatocytes and loss of liver parenchyma architecture and sinusoidal structure. Therefore, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that experimental infection by A. caviae inhibits key enzymes linked to the communication between sites of ATP generation and ATP utilization. Moreover, the absence of a reciprocal compensatory mechanism between these enzymes contributes directly to hepatic damage and for a severe energetic imbalance, which may contribute to disease pathophysiology.     

Differential influence of herbicide treatments on activity and kinetic parameters of C4 photosynthetic enzymes from Zea mays

The recommended field dose of rimsulfuron, imazethapyr, alachlor, atrazine or fluometuron differentially reduced shoot fresh and dry weight of 10-day-old maize seedlings as well as leaf protein content during the following 12 days. These reductions seemed consistent during the whole period with fluometuron, atrazine and alachlor but appeared to be nullified by the 5th day of treatment with rimsulfuron and imazethapyr. On the other hand, all herbicides mostly provoked significant inhibitions in specific activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.82), pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, EC 2.7.9.1) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) in leaves during the first 2 days. Thereafter, the inhibition was recovered in samples treated with rimsulfuron and imazethapyr, leveled off with alachlor but consistently augmented with atrazine and fluometuron. The kinetic characterization showed that rimsulfuron or imazethapyr unchanged V_max of all enzymes in vitro, however, V_max of PEPC, PPDK and Rubisco were decreased in vivo. Nevertheless, atrazine or fluometuron substantially reduced V_max of all enzymes while alachlor showed a reduction in this value of PEPC, MDH and Rubisco. Thus atrazine, fluometuron and, to a lower extent, alachlor reduced concentrations of all enzymes as well as rimsulfuron and imazethapyr for only Rubisco. On the contrary, K_m values of all enzymes were progressively increased by all herbicides indicating that the different herbicides altered the structural integrity of all enzymes. These findings conclude that rimsulfuron or imazethapyr competitively inhibited MDH but revealed mixed inhibition to PEPC, PPDK and Rubisco. Atrazine or fluometuron revealed mixed inhibitions to all enzymes whereas alachlor seemed to be either a competitive inhibitor to PPDK or a mixed inhibitor to PEPC, MDH and Rubisco.     

冷害导致砂糖橘果实品质劣变

 将砂糖橘（Citrus Reticulata Blanco CV. Shiyueju）果实置于1℃、3℃、6℃和9℃下贮藏,比较其贮藏效果及冷害对果实品质的影响。结果表明：砂糖橘最适贮藏温度为6℃,在1~3℃温度贮藏易发生冷害。冷害导致果实外观品质下降,果肉乙醛和乙醇含量累积,果肉异味,品质下降。1℃贮藏果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率较6℃高,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,丙酮酸脱羧酶（PDC）和乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）活性大幅度提高。说明在冷害温度下,砂糖橘果肉异味是由于乙醛和乙醇累积,而果实呼吸强度的提高与PDC和ADH活性的增加密切相关。     

Thiamine requirement of Chinese soft‐shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

The objective of the present study was to estimate the dietary thiamine (vitamin B₁) requirement of juvenile soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis. Eight experimental diets containing 0, 1.90, 3.63, 5.65, 7.51, 9.62, 11.37 and 13.64 mg thiamine/kg diet were fed to 160 soft‐shelled turtles reared individually for 10 weeks. The turtles had an average weight of 5.33 ± 0.21 g. Among all the dietary groups, weight gain, feed utilization and tissue thiamine were the lowest in the turtles fed with a thiamine‐free diet. The variables increased when dietary thiamine increased and then levelled off beyond 3.63 mg/kg diet. In contrast, plasma pyruvate and lactate concentrations in turtles decreased when dietary thiamine increased and then levelled off beyond 3.63 and 5.65 mg/kg diet respectively. Estimation using a broken‐line regression model, the vitamin B₁ requirement of soft‐shelled turtles was 3.2 mg thiamine/kg diet based on weight gain and plasma lactate concentration. When tissue thiamine and plasma pyruvate concentrations were used as the indicators, the estimated requirement was 5.4–6.5 mg/kg diet.     

玉米PEPC基因和PPDK基因在籼稻明恢63中的整合及与光合作用相关的特性分析

丙酮酸磷酸双激酶（PPDK）是C4植物光合作用途径中,二氧化碳固定的关键酶。磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）是在C4和景天酸（CAM）植物光合作用的初级碳同化中的一个关键酶,该酶介导不可逆的β羧化反应,将磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸转化成草酰乙酸和磷酸。本研究将编码玉米磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）基因的质粒和编码玉米丙酮酸磷酸双激酶（PPDK）基因的质粒通过基因枪轰击转化的方法同时导入籼稻明恢63中,PCR-Southern印迹杂交的结果表明,玉米丙酮酸磷酸双激酶（PPDK）基因已经整合到明恢63中。在温室条件下,分析了转基因明恢63植株的剑叶全氮含量,结果表明,不同的转基因明恢63植株,其剑叶的全氮含量是不同的,大部分转基因明恢63植株剑叶的全氮含量高于非转基因明恢63对照的全氮含量,转基因明恢63植株ZHM3-50剑叶全氮含量为3．82％,比非转基因明恢63对照高0．45％。对转基因明恢63植株的产量构成因素的分析结果表明,在温室条件下,不同的转基因明恢63植株之间,产量构成因素差异比较大,比如植株干重、收获指数等。这些有助于育种家们选择不同的育种材料。     

鱼类糖酵解关键酶的研究进展

糖酵解是指葡萄糖或糖原分解为丙酮酸并伴有ATP生成,这一过程在细胞质中进行,不需要氧气,每一步反应均由特异的酶催化,与哺乳动物相比,鱼类糖酵解的能力较低,这可能与鱼类糖酵解关键酶的活性有关。目前,关于饲料中碳水化合物含量的不同是否可以从酶水平和基因表达水平对鱼类糖酵解关键酶进行有效地调节还存在异议。本研究概述了鱼类糖酵解的3种关键酶：葡萄糖激酶(Glucokinase,GK)、6-磷酸果糖激酶-1(Phosphofructokinase,PFK)和丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate Kinase,PK)的结构和分布,并从饲料中碳水化合物的添加水平和种类的角度阐述了其对GK、PFK和PK的活性和基因表达的影响,以期为碳水化合物在饲料中的合理添加提供理论依据。