Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species

The structural variety of the condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in the fruits of 16Diospyros species are reported. Eleven species contained condensed tannins mostly consisting of a mixture of catechin (CA) and gallocatechin (GCA) repeating units; the other five species did not. The GCA content in the CA-GCA total varied from 0.3% to 84.6%. The number of esterified gallic acid per one flavan repeating unit (degree of galloylation, DG) ranged from 0.01 to 0.89. The GCA content was found to be proportional to the DG values. Thus, 16Diospyros species tested may be classified into five groups by the analytical data of their condensed tannins. It may be interesting to compare their structural characteristics with those of the condensed tannins in other fruits, leaves, woods, and barks from the viewpoint of their biosynthesis and function in the plants.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1995     

曲靖市营造生物防火林带研究与应用

按照不同海拔区域,不同立地条件,选择生长迅速、郁闭快、适应性强、萌发率强、枝叶茂密、含水量高、耐火性强、含油脂少、不易燃烧的耐火树种,草种进行立体配置营造林带,并对不同配置的林带进行阻火抗火试验。筛选出最佳的防火树种和草种,按最佳配置营造防火林带,在云南省曲靖市推广应用。     

Performance and yield of 14 eucalypt species on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. grassland 3 years after planting

A species trial with 14 eucalypt species with randomized complete blocks design was planted on Imperata cylindrica dominated grassland in South Kalimantan, Indonesia in January 1987. The site was prepared mechanically. No fertilizers were used. At the age of three years E. camaldulensis had clearly the highest survival rate (95%) and mean annual increment (5.9 m³ha^–1a^–1) compared with the other species tried. It was followed by E. urophylla, E. deglupta, E. pellita, E. tereticornis, E. alba, E. torelliana, E. intermedia, E. grandis and E. pilularis. Four other species, E. phaeotricha, E. resinifera, E. cloeziana and E. microcorys died either in the nursery or immediately after planting. All the eucalypts tried had narrow crowns and open canopies. It is suggested that eucalypts are not recommendable for grassland reforestation under minimum plantation tending. Effects of intensive weeding, spacing, fertilizing and performance in second rotation or mixed stands should be tested to elaborate the suitability of eucalypts on grasslands.     

Effect of pruning intensities of three woody leguminous species grown in alley cropping with maize and cowpea on an alfisol

Field trials were carried out on an Oxic Paleustalf in the humid zone of southwestern Nigeria withLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit,Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. andSesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. alley cropped with maize and cowpea. The three leguminous woody species were grown in hedgerows spaced at 2 m. Trials were carried out one year after establishment of the hedgerows using a split-plot design with four replications. TheLeucaena trial had twenty pruning combinations consisting of five pruning heights (25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 cm) and four pruning frequencies (monthly, bi-, tri- and six-monthly). TheGliricidia andSesbania hedgerows were subjected to nine pruning intensities consisting of three pruning heights (25, 50 and 100 cm) and three pruning intensities (monthly, tri- and six-monthly).For the three woody species, biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yield from the hedgerow prunings increased with decreasing pruning frequency and increasing pruning height. Biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yields were in the following orderLeucaena >Gliricidia >Sesbania.The various pruning intensities had no effect on survival ofLeucaena plants. Pruning frequency had a larger effect than pruning height on survival ofGliricidia andSesbania plants. With monthly pruning, about 25 percent of theGliricidia and all of theSesbania plants died within six months of repeated pruning. Even with lower pruning frequencySesbania plants showed lower survival rates thanGliricidia orLeucaena.The various pruning intensities of all the hedgerow species had more pronounced effects on the grain yield of the alley cropped cowpea than on maize grain yield. Higher maize and cowpea yields were obtained with increasing pruning frequency and decreasing pruning height.IITA Journal paper number 335     

Mechanical site preparation effects on understory plant diversity in the Piedmont of the southern USA

Diversity of understory vegetation was compared among four intensities of site preparation and an adjacent 50-year-old pine-hardwood forest. The study site was a six-year-old loblolly pine (Pines taeda) plantation in the lower Piedmont of Georgia. Species richness and Shannon diversity indices were used to evaluate vine and woody (trees and shrubs) species diversity. Biomass distribution was compared among four plant categories: vines, forbs, grasses, and woody. Moderate intensity treatments (chainsaw and shear and chop) consistently ranked highest overall in diversity, with the mature pine-hardwood forest ranking lowest. Distribution of the four plant categories was not significantly affected by intensity of site preparation.Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Series No. 9-892325P.     

推广种植乡土树种,发展社区经济

西双版纳有着丰富的乡土植物资源，当地居民有着采集野生林产品及种植四旁树的悠久历史，没有大面积种植乡土树种的习惯。中德技术合作西双版纳热带林保护与恢复项目通过示范和资助开展了乡土树种的育苗和种植活动，取得了一定的成果，并对今后工作提出了建议。     

宣威地区松叶蜂种类及其防治措施

松叶蜂是宣威地区针叶林的重要食叶性害虫。近年来，通过开展松叶蜂种类的专题调查，发现该区有松叶蜂科昆虫4属6个种，占目前云南省记载6属16个种的37．5％。其中，在宣威分布较广泛且危害严重的是广西新松叶蜂、南华松叶蜂和迪萨小松叶蜂。对这3种主要的松叶蜂进行了生物学特性观察和药物防治试验，并提出了综合防治措施。     

贵州林木良种生产与推广使用策略初探

文中就目前我省林木良种生产及使用情况,分析阐述了贵州省林木良种推广使用的主要问题,对如何加大我省林木良种生产和推广使用力度提出意见和相关策略。     

Evaluation and selection of multipurpose tree for improving soil hydro-physical behaviour under hilly eco-system of north east India

Soil hydro-physical behaviour was studied under a 20-year old agroforestry plantation consisting of five multipurpose tree species (Pinus kesiya Royle ex-Gordon, Alnus nepalensis D.Don, Parkia roxburghii G.Don, Michelia oblonga Wall. and Gmelina arboria Roxb.) maintained under normal recommended practices at Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Complex, Umiam, Meghalaya, India. The aim was to select tree species, which could act as better bio-ameliorant as well as provides higher economic return in highly degraded soil of northeastern hill region of India. A site without vegetation (no tree) nearby the plantation was also selected as control for comparison. Soil samples for various hydro-physical analysis, were taken from 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depth at a distance of 1 m from respective tree species during wet and dry season of 2003–2004. No appreciable differences in relative contents of textural separates of sand, silt and clay were observed among various tree covers. Surface cover with constant leaf litter fall and extensive root system increased soil organic carbon, helped in better soil aggregation, improved water transmissivity and infiltrability and in turn, reduced soil erosion in the present study. However, due to variation in quantity of leaf litter fall and root biomass, these parameters differed among tree species. Of the tree species, P. kesiya, M. oblonga and A. nepalensis were found to be rated best for bio-amelioration of soils as these tree covers had more root and shoot biomass and more litter fall compared to other species. However, considering both timber production and improvement in hydro-physical behaviour, M. oblonga was found best among the tested tree species. The study, thus, suggested that inclusion of tree species M. oblonga in agroforestry system is a viable option for natural resource management and could sustain long-term soil productivity in a highly degraded soil of this region as well as for food security of the resource poor people of North East India.     

沙地人工模拟飞播对植物多样性的影响——以正蓝旗科技支撑项目区为例

从植物多样性恢复利用的角度来探讨治理流动沙地的有效途径和方法,对正蓝旗科技支撑示范区的人工模拟飞播植物群落进行了调查和分析,结果表明:项目实施区中的扁蓿豆、冷蒿、冰草等10种植物的重要值均大于对照区;二裂委陵菜、苔草、虫实等10种植物重要值均小于对照区;物种丰富度指数大于对照样地,Alatalo均匀度指数小于对照样地,而多样性指数明显大于对照样地;1年生草本植物种的重要值低于对照区,而多年生草本植物明显高于对照区。