电站锅炉一二次风风速在线监测系统的研制

目前，国产机组的燃烧监测手段落后，作为设计和指导锅炉燃烧调整的重要参数——锅炉一、二次风喷口风速，一直没有能实现实时、准确的测量，电站锅炉的燃烧调整缺乏科学的手段，直接影响着锅炉的安全经济运行。现就该问题的现状进行技术分析，通过介绍锅炉一、二次风风速在线监测系统的研制，提出了解决该问题的有效途径。     

我国北方草地净初级生产力时空动态特征及其与水热因子的关系

为探讨我国北方草地净初级生产力（Net primary productivity,NPP）的变化及其影响因子,本研究利用光能利用率模型（Carnegie-ames-stanford approach,CASA）和遥感数据,模拟了2000—2015年我国北方地区的草地NPP时空动态格局,并对其动态变化的稳定性、持续性及其与气象因子的相关关系进行分析。结果表明：2000—2015年间我国北方草地NPP呈显著增长趋势,空间上表现为由东北向西北逐渐降低;草地NPP高值区主要集中在青藏高原东部、新疆北部,低值集中在青海省西南部及内蒙古中部等地;青海东部、甘肃南部和陕北地区的草地NPP呈显著增加,而新疆北部草地NPP显著减少;不同类型草地NPP在研究期限内均呈波动增加的趋势,其中坡面草地增长率最高;我国北方大部分地区草地NPP处于中等波动状态,青藏高原东北部的草地NPP较为稳定;未来青海省南部及东部,黄土高原中部和新疆北部地区的草地NPP将持续显著增加。总体而言,我国北方草地NPP与气温呈负相关关系,与降水呈显著正相关性关系。     

GIS与土地生产力评价模型的集成

GIS与应用模型的集成是GIS应用的关键问题之一。为此，论述了土地生产力评价的数学方法和相关模型、GIS及其在土地生产力评价中的应用、GIS与土地生产力评价模型的集成方式和集成途径及目前存在的主要问题，并就未来研究提出了若干建议。     

水肥耦合对苹果幼树产量、品质和水肥利用的效应

为探明半干旱地区苹果幼树水肥精准管理模式,研究了水肥耦合对3 a生苹果幼树生长、产量、品质及水肥利用的效应,试验设置4个灌水水平,其灌水上下限分别为田间持水率的75%~85%(W1)、65%~75%(W2)、55%~65%(W3)、45%~55%(W4);3个施肥水平(N-P2O5-K2O),即高肥:30-30-10 g/株(F1)、中肥:20-20-10 g/株(F2)、低肥:10-10-10 g/株(F3)。结果表明:苹果幼树萌芽开花期至新梢生长期控水控肥可有效调控苹果幼树植株和叶面积的增长;苹果产量最高和最低的处理分别为F1W1和F3W4(F1W1比F3W4增加139.1%),产量与干物质质量间相关关系的决定系数R2为0.908 5,达到了极显著水平;增加灌水量提高了苹果着色指数却降低其果形指数,亏水处理和增加施肥量有利于提高苹果硬度;轻度亏缺(F2)灌溉处理下,增加施肥量有利于提高苹果维生素C含量;灌水量对苹果可溶性固形物和可溶性糖影响不显著,但增加施肥量有利于提高苹果可溶性固形物和可溶性糖的含量;施肥量对苹果可滴定酸和糖酸比影响不显著,但增加灌水量可降低苹果可滴定酸含量,提高苹果糖酸比;高水低肥处理能够产生较高的肥料偏生产力(PFP);水分利用效率(WUE)最大值基本上出现在F2W2处理,与F1W1相比,虽然产量减小7.5%,但耗水量却减小16.7%,WUE增加11.2%,高水高肥的F1W1处理并不能得到最大的WUE,最大的WUE出现在F2W2处理。由此可见,F2W2处理是苹果幼树生长、产量、品质以及水肥利用效率方面的最佳水肥组合,达到了节水、节肥的最佳水肥耦合模式。     

Imperfect institutional innovation for irrigation management in Bangladesh

This paper discusses the nature and consequences of institutional innovation being pursued in recent years for the organization and management of minor irrigation in Bangladesh. The comparative analysis presented in this paper suggests that there are no significant variations of performance between the mainstream management institutions, except that tubewells under BRDB-Cooperative groups performed less well than others, nor are there any significant associations between major technical factors and irrigation performance (other than nominal pump capacity). What appears to be more important is that the economic institutions such as payment system for water is strongly associated with productivity and equity performance; sharecropping with water, which has emerged, or been popularized, with the privatization programme, has negative impact on productivity and skews benefits of irrigation towards pump owners and managers. It is concluded that so far imperfectly designed institutions, for example privatization of equipment, appear to have failed to give rise to greater technical and allocative efficiency or equity.Abbreviations BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation - BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board - BKB Bangladesh Krishi (Agricultural) Bank - GB Grameen (Rural) Bank - CARE Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere - KSS Farmers' Cooperative Society - IMP Irrigation Management Programme     

Irrigation reliability and the productivity of water: A proposed methodology using evapotranspiration mapping

Irrigation is the dominant user of water worldwide, but provision of potable water and water for industry are higher priorities and give higher social and economic returns. Irrigation will continue to lose water to competing sectors and the productivity of irrigation systems (since food demand continues to grow) remains a central issue in water management. Performance assessment of irrigation has traditionally been difficult when based on field measurements of flows, deliveries and depths over large areas. Furthermore, performance measures have shifted from narrow engineering indicators to broader productivity issues of production achieved per unit of water consumed. Remote sensing, applied to the estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) over large areas, provides analysts of irrigation systems with extraordinary new tools for the objective assessment of consumption and production – constituting a quantum leap in the assessment of irrigation system performance. Awareness and utilisation of these tools is spreading, but important areas remain to be “converted” from traditional approaches that rely on an array of estimated parameters. The next challenge for remote sensing will be to map the frontier between the reliability of the irrigation service and the productivity achieved. Reliability provides the inducement for farmers to invest in higher productivity – to the benefit of themselves and society – and understanding better how the individual maximises profits within an uncertain irrigation environment can provide important guidance to managers and system designers.     

Water-use efficiency of wheat-based rotation systems in a Mediterranean environment

Crop production in Mediterranean-type environments is invariably limited by low and erratic rainfall (200-600 mm year⁻¹), and thus soil moisture, and by high evapotranspiration resulting from high temperature. Consequently, a major research challenge is to devise cropping systems that maximize water-use efficiency (WUE). In a long-term trial in northern Syria (1986-1998) we compared the effects of seven wheat-based rotations on soil water dynamics and WUE in both the wheat and non-wheat phase. The cropping systems were durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) in rotation with fallow, watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), vetch (Vicia sativa), medic pasture (Medicago spp.), and wheat. Seasonal recharge/discharge were identified using the neutron probe. Depth of wetting varied with seasonal rainfall (233-503 mm). Based on crop yields, WUE was calculated for each cropping option in relation to the durum wheat crop.The greatest limitation to growth was the supply of water and not the soil moisture storage potential. Wheat grain yield was dictated by the extent to which the alternative crops in the rotation dried out the soil profile, in addition to seasonal rainfall and its distribution. Chickpea and medic extracted as much water as continuous wheat. Wheat after these crops was solely dependent on current seasonal rainfall, but fallow, lentil, watermelon, and vetch did not deplete soil moisture to the same extent, leaving some residual soil moisture for the succeeding wheat crop. This difference in soil water resulted in a significant difference in wheat yield and hence WUE, which decreased in the following crop rotation sequence: fallow, medic, lentil, chickpea, and continuous wheat. However, on the system basis, the wheat/lentil or wheat/vetch systems were most efficient at using rainfall, producing 27% more grain than the wheat/fallow, while the wheat/chickpea system was as efficient as wheat/fallow system, with continuous wheat being least efficient. With N added to the cereal phase, system WUE of the system increased, being least for continuous wheat and greatest for wheat/lentil. Wheat-legume rotation systems with additional N input in the wheat phase not only can maintain sustainable production system, but also are more efficient in utilizing limited rainfall.     

内蒙古东部地区喷灌灌溉制度及其经济效益

[目的]为解决内蒙古东部大兴安岭东南地区由于零灌溉所带来的"单产不高,总产不稳"等问题,确定适合于当地的高产高效节水型灌溉制度。[方法]以当地主要作物大豆为供试作物,开展了喷灌条件下的作物产量、水分生产率和经济效益等方面的研究。[结果]当地原有的零灌溉农业种植模式并不能为大豆的种植提供足够的水分,采用喷灌技术追加2次灌溉,大豆可增产20.0%,但是经济效益并没有提高;追加4水灌溉,虽然总收益最高,但是大豆的作物水分生产率却相比3水灌溉小了很多,造成了不必要的水资源浪费。[结论]在开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期分别对大豆增加3次灌水定额为200m3/hm2的灌水,不但可以提高大豆的产量(增产47.8%),而且可以获得最大的经济收益。     

Soil–plant nitrogen cycling modulated carbon exchanges in a western temperate conifer forest in Canada

Nitrogen controls, on the seasonal and inter-annual variability of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in a western temperate conifer forest in British Columbia, Canada, were simulated by a coupled carbon and nitrogen (C&N) model. The model was developed by incorporating plant–soil nitrogen algorithms in the Carbon-Canadian Land Surface Scheme (C-CLASS). In the coupled C&N-CLASS, the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (V_cmax) is determined non-linearly from the modelled leaf Rubisco-nitrogen, rather than being prescribed. Hence, variations in canopy assimilation and stomatal conductance are sensitive to leaf nitrogen status through the Rubisco enzyme. The plant–soil nitrogen cycle includes nitrogen pools from photosynthetic enzymes, leaves and roots, as well as organic and mineral reservoirs from soil, which are generated, exchanged, and lost by biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, fertilization, mineralization, nitrification, root uptake, denitrification, and leaching. Model output was compared with eddy covariance flux measurements made over a 5-year period (1998–2002). The model performed very well in simulating half-hourly and monthly mean NEP values for a range of environmental conditions observed during the 5 years. C&N-CLASS simulated NEP values were 274, 437, 354, 352 and 253 g C m⁻² for 1998–2002, compared to observed NEP values of 269, 360, 381, 418 and 264 g C m⁻², for the respective years. Compared to the default C-CLASS, the coupled C&N model showed improvements in simulating the seasonal and annual dynamics of carbon fluxes in this forest. The nitrogen transformation to soil organic forms, mineralization, plant nitrogen uptake and leaf Rubisco-nitrogen concentration patterns were strongly influenced by seasonal and annual temperature variations. In contrast, the impact of precipitation was insignificant on the overall forest nitrogen budget. The coupled C&N modelling framework will help to evaluate the impact of nitrogen cycle on terrestrial ecosystems and its feedbacks on Earth's climate system.     

基于CERES-Wheat模型的沧州地区冬小麦需水量分析

作物生长模拟模型的应用为农田水资源分析和水分管理措施的优化提供了新的方法手段。本研究以CERES-Wheat模型为基础,通过情景分析的方法,分析了华北平原沧州地区冬小麦1981—2014年产量、大田蒸散量(ET)、作物蒸腾(EP)、土壤蒸发(ES)、水分生产率(WP)的年际变化特征,并建立了ET与WP定量化关系模型,利用该模型计算出了WP达到最大值的经济蒸散量为435 mm;利用ET多年平均值与多年平均降雨量差值计算出了T0(不灌溉)、T1(拔节期灌水75 mm)、T2(拔节期、扬花期各灌水75 mm)、T3(起身期、孕穗期和扬花期各灌水75 mm)4个水分处理不同产量目标下冬小麦多年平均的需水量分别为189 mm、264 mm、298 mm和319 mm,对应的平均产量分别为4 144 kg?hm?2、7 293 kg?hm?2、7 301 kg?hm?2和8 245 kg?hm?2;采取地膜覆盖等栽培管理措施扣除土壤蒸发,T0、T1、T2、T3水分处理可分别节水80 mm、71 mm、71 mm和70 mm。在此情况下,利用EP多年平均值与多年平均降雨量之间的差值计算出不同水分处理下冬小麦多年平均的需水量分别为109 mm(T0)、193 mm(T1)、227 mm(T2)和249 mm(T3)。以上研究结果可为沧州地区冬小麦水分定量化管理措施的制定提供参考。