热带次生林经营引入物种选择

在国际热带木材组织（ITTO）的资助下,广东省林业科学研究院在广东新会和海南通什开展了“旨在提高生态和经济效益的热带地区次生林经营研究与示范”活动。其目的是通过在干扰破坏较严重的次生林中引入具有较好生态和经济效益的优良物种,使林分物种增加,林区居民能从经营中取得非木质产品的经济收益,达到保护和促进次生林的生长发育的目的,实现森林可持续经营的目标。在广东新会热带次生林经营研究与示范区活动中,选择101个引入物种进行试验研究,其中区域缺失和退化的乡土树种68种,占67．3％;外来树种13种,占12．9％;非木质产品物种20种,占19．8％。总结了低质低效次生林经营中物种选择的原则、方法和经营效果。     

基于GIS的闽东地区晚熟果树生态区域选择方法之实现

350013福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株的初步选育及免疫原性的测定

为选育柔嫩艾美耳球虫的早熟株和了解其免疫原性,本试验通过鸡体的传代培养,初步得到了柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株P9。以早熟株免疫雏鸡后,以亲本株P0半数致死量攻毒,以确定其免疫原性。结果表明:P9的潜隐期由P0的141h缩短至131.5h,免疫后攻毒显示该早熟株具有良好的免疫原性。     

凉水国家级自然保护区狍冬季对微生境的选择

2008年11—12月份,在凉水国家级自然保护区采用样线法对狍的冬季微生境选择做了研究。一共测定了76个利用样方以及81个对照样方的20种生态因子。结果表明,凉水自然保护区狍冬季偏好选择位于针阔混交林、最近乔木距离3m、最近乔木高度在10m之内、最近乔木郁闭度60%、最近灌木距离0.5m、最近灌木基径在0.4～1.0cm,针叶树百分比在1%～25%,乔木密度0.14株/m2,灌木密度0.10丛/m2,1m以下植被覆盖度1%,2.5m以下植被覆盖度4%,坡度1°～3°、雪深17cm,海拔340～370m,人为干扰距离1000m的生境。主成分分析显示前7个主成分的特征值都大于1,且累积的贡献率达到87.522%,说明这7个成分基本上包括了狍微生境的信息,其中最近乔木胸径、最近灌木基径、1m以下植被覆盖度对第一主成分的贡献较大;最近乔木胸径、坡度对第二主成分的贡献较大;最近灌木高度、针叶树百分比对第三主成分的贡献较大。     

龙眼果酒酿造菌株筛选及工艺优化

研究了龙眼果酒酿造中前处理方式对果酒发酵的影响,进行了不同发酵菌株的筛选,并以正交试验研究影响龙眼果酒挥发酸含量的因素,进行了工艺优化。试验结果表明：龙眼果酒以活性干酵母在纯果汁发酵的方式下酿造的果酒质量最好；影响龙眼果酒中挥发酸含量的因素主次顺序为：二氧化硫的添加量、柠檬酸和苹果酸的比例、酒醪的含酸量和发酵温度。其最佳组合为A_1B_2C_1D_3,即含酸量为6.5g·L~(-1),二氧化硫的添加量为80mg·L~(-1),发酵温度为25℃,柠檬酸和苹果酸之比为0：1。     

Use of Akaike information criteria for model selection and inference. An application to assess prevention of gastrointestinal parasitism and respiratory mortality of Guinean goats in Kolda,Senegal

A field experiment was carried out in Kolda (southern Senegal) from July 1986 to July 1988. Its goals were to: (1) describe the patterns of mortality of female Guinean goats by age, season and year; (2) assess preventive measures against respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal parasitism in reducing mortality; and (3) estimate the overall impact of these measures on survival to 1 year of age. Preventive measures for respiratory disease included vaccination against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and pneumonic pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida types A and D). Control of gastrointestinal parasites was by deworming does with morantel (7.5 mg kg⁻¹, three times during the rainy season). The effects of vaccines and deworming were tested in a randomised factorial field experiment with villages being the experimental units. A total of 19 villages, 113 goat herds and 1458 goats were included in the study.

Generalised linear models of survival for five cohorts of goats (defined by five different birth seasons) used a binomial assumption for the response distribution and a complementary log–log link. Explanatory variables included age, season, year, vaccination, deworming and their interactions. A complex a priori model was built on the basis of previous epidemiological knowledge; a purposively selected set of simpler models was compared to this full model by the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and derived statistics. Inference on 1-year survival and treatment effects accounted for model-selection uncertainty. It was carried out with a bootstrap procedure and used information from the whole set of selected models.

Large variations in mortality by year and season were observed but no regular seasonal pattern was apparent. Mortality probabilities of kids in dewormed groups decreased quickly after birth, but remained elevated up to 9 months of age in the non-dewormed groups. Deworming lowered the risk of mortality. Vaccination alone was not protective (except during an observed outbreak of PPR).     

Studies on Changes of the Relative Characteristics to the Special and Elite Cultivars of Mei Flower in Sun Yat sen Mausoleum

连续３ａ对‘晚碗宫粉’、‘多萼朱砂’、‘红须朱砂’、‘南京红须’、‘早宫粉’、‘淡妆宫粉’、‘复瓣早跳’、‘复瓣绿萼’８个特用优良品种定树观测结果表明,其花期相对集中在２月下旬,品种间开花速率的变化较大,变异系数为５２１５％～１２８８２％．枝的始花节位、花朵重、花瓣数、雌蕊数、雄蕊数变异较大,变异系数分别为４３６９％,１７８０％,４０８７％,４４６６％和２８５４％．不同品种间花径、平均节间长度变异较小,变异系数分别为７７２％和７７４％．花朵重主要决定于花瓣数,两者具极显著的相关回归．最后讨论了选育特用优良品种的指标及其途径     

Multiple paternity,reproductive skew and correlates of male reproductive success in a wild population of the Trinidadian guppy

Abstract – In most species, males have a higher reproductive potential than females, leading to skewed reproductive success, particularly in mating systems where pre‐ or postcopulatory sexual selection reinforces inequality in male mating success. We investigated multiple paternity, reproductive skew and correlates of male reproductive success in a wild population of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). We used nine microsatellite loci to assess the frequency of multiple paternity, number of sires per brood and reproductive skew. Across broods, the frequency of multiple paternity was high with 94% of broods having multiple sires (range: 1–5), resulting in a reproductive skew of 0.14. Variation in male reproductive success was high (range: 0–14 offspring per male), suggesting that there is considerable opportunity for sexual selection. Next, we examined correlations between male reproductive success and sexual coloration, sperm velocity and gonopodium length. Relative area of orange, black, iridescent and total coloration, and sperm velocity were not correlated with reproductive success. However, gonopodium length explained 14% of the variation in reproductive success, suggesting that gonopodium length is likely a sexually selected trait. We discuss these findings in the light of other studies that genetically dissect joint‐sex parentage and examine correlates of male reproductive success in wild populations.     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗WSSV选育家系的建立及其抗病特性

2002-2007年在人工感染白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)的基础上进行一代个体选育（G1）后,对凡纳滨对虾连续进行了4代家系选育,共建立120个抗WSSV家系,感染实验结果表明：G2~G5选育家系对虾平均成活率分别为5.57%±9.83%, 8.66%±11.52%, 9.52%±8.84% 和 13.79%±12.86%;G2~ G5选育家系对虾平均成活率的变异系数分别为1.77、1.40、0.97和0.87。根据每个家系对虾的成活情况可分为敏感、中等抗性和高抗性家系,G2至G5敏感家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年下降,分别占76.5%、55.2%、51.4%和33.3%,抗病成活率分别为0.44%±1.09%、0.78%±1.70%、2.27%±2.76%和2.44%±3.09%,感染WSSV后2~3 d出现1个急性死亡高峰;中等抗病家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年上升,分别占0、20.7%、31.1%和38.5%,抗病成活率分别为0、9.08%±1.46%、10.7%±1.41%和11.36%±3.30%,感染WSSV后出现2个死亡高峰,第1死亡高峰值大于第2高峰;高抗家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年上升（G4除外）,分别占23.5%、24.1%、17.1%和28.2%,抗病成活率分别为22.23%±5.21%、22.7%±12.30%、24.45%±6.56%和28.98%±8.09%,感染WSSV后出现2个死亡高峰,第1死亡高峰至小于第2高峰。经连续的定向选育,选育对虾抗病性状一代比一代强,表现出明显的抗病性能,特别是高抗对虾不仅死亡率低且其死亡高峰推迟2～3d,延缓了对虾WSSV暴发的时间,但是每代每尾对虾平均产卵量逐年下降（P<0.05）。