凡纳滨对虾群体杂交与自交 F1低溶氧与高氨氮耐受性比较

利用6个遗传背景不同的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体,通过群体间自交与杂交建立了8个交配组合。对不同交配组合F1,在幼虾和成虾阶段,进行低溶氧与高氨氮48 h胁迫试验,比较不同交配组合群体在不同生长阶段的高氨氮与低溶氧耐受性。结果显示,低溶氧胁迫,YH♀×ZX♂、SS♀×SS♂、HD♀×YH♂交配组合幼虾存活率分别为76.23%、74.61%、74.38%,显著高于其他交配组合存活率(P0.05),成虾的存活率分别为83.08%、65.57%、71.12%,可作为耐低溶氧优良品系选育的候选材料;高氨氮胁迫,YH♀×KN♂、HD♀×YH♂、YH♀×ZK♂交配组合幼虾存活率分别为97.71%、86.43%、80.01%,显著高于其他交配组合(P0.05),成虾存活率分别为85.53%、74.18%、69.23%,可作为耐高氨氮优良品系选育的候选材料;HD♀×YH♂交配组合低溶氧与氨氮耐受性均较好,但不同交配组合低溶氧与氨氮耐受性间相关性检验不显著(P0.05)。研究发现,亲本中雌虾来源为YH,子代低溶氧耐受性优良,推断抗低溶氧性状为母系主导遗传;对虾低溶氧的耐受性随着生长发育的进行而降低,高氨氮耐受性随着生长发育的进行而增强;各交配组合高氨氮和低溶氧耐受性,在幼虾阶段和成虾阶段均呈极显著相关(P0.01),表明凡纳滨对虾低溶氧与高氨氮耐受性适宜在幼虾阶段进行遗传评估。     

Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

Landscape change under indirect effects of human use: the Savanna of Central Chile

The Chilean Intermediate Depression to the north of Santiago has experienced a physiognomical transformation from a Prosopis chilensis woodland to an Acacia caven savanna. Today P. chilensis trees are scarce and belong mostly to the larger size classes. By contrast A. caven seems to reproduce frequently and its populations consist of individuals of all size classes. In this paper we document these changes and report the results of tests aimed at determining the causes of these physiognomical changes. We found that livestock, leporids, introduced Mediterranean forbs and agriculture account for differences in seed dispersal and survival of A. caven and P. chilensis, which can explain the documented changes in the Chilean landscape.     

Effect of Shelters,Densities, and Weight Groups on Survival,Growth and Limb Loss in the Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium nobilii (Henderson and Matthai, 1910)

Abstract

Three weight groups of juvenile prawn, M. nobilii, were raised at three stocking densities (22,38, and 77 prawns/m²) under three substrate conditions (sand, pebbles, and pebbles with shelter in the form of PVC pipe). Stocking density had a significant (P < 0.001) influence on the survival and growth of the prawn. A higher incidence of limb autotomy was recorded at the higher stocking density. Provision of pebbles and PVC pipe increased the survival, and mean growth rates, and reduced the percentage of limb loss.     

3种蚜虫对多异瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

在25±1℃的条件下研究了3种蚜虫对多异瓢虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,以不同蚜虫为食料时,多异瓢虫各虫态发育历期、存活率、世代历期、成虫寿命、成虫体重及生殖率等均存在显著差异(p<0.05);当以麦长管蚜饲喂时,多异瓢虫的世代历期、成虫寿命、产卵天数、成虫体重、单雌产卵量及内禀增长率分别为:22.7d、38.6d、16.2d、6.2mg、149.7粒及0.0725;当以桃粉蚜饲喂时,多异瓢虫的世代历期、成虫寿命、产卵天数、成虫体重、单雌产卵量及内禀增长率分别为:24.6d、31.5d、20.1d、6.0mg、100.5粒及0.0441;而当以棉蚜饲喂时,多异瓢虫的世代历期、成虫寿命、产卵天数、成虫体重、单雌产卵量及内禀增长率分别为:28.6d、25.5d、6.2d、4.2mg、45.3粒及0.0408;多异瓢虫的存活曲线均为I型。麦长管蚜对其适合性最高,其次为桃粉蚜,最次为棉蚜。     

盐度骤降对幼仿刺参生长、免疫指标及呼吸树组织结构的影响

在水温为10.0-13.0℃下,将暂养在盐度为33水中的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参（2.42 g和3.5 g）直接放入盐度为33、30、26、22的塑料水槽（50 cm×40 cm×30 cm）中,过量投喂,正常饲养,研究了盐度骤降对幼参存活、生长、某些免疫指标及呼吸树组织学的影响。结果表明：在60 d饲养过程中,各组幼参的排脏率为2.23%-11.11%,盐度为33时,幼参的排脏率显著低于盐度为30时（P〈0.05）,而与盐度为26和22时差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;但生长却随着盐度的降低而降低,盐度为30和26时,幼参的生长速度分别比盐度为33时减少了5.0%和62.5%,表明盐度为26时是明显抑制幼参生长的拐点;随着盐度的降低,各试验组幼参体腔液上清液中溶菌酶活力升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力降低,但均未检测出酸性磷酸酶的活性。盐度为29时,幼参体腔上皮细胞逐渐消失,内皮层中出现大量空泡,血腔不明显,中央腔变小;盐度为24、18时,幼参体腔上皮细胞增多,血腔增厚,内皮层细胞向中央腔延伸。     

Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了铜、锌、镉三种金属对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用和积累作用.得到了Cu2+、Cd2+对罗氏沼虾幼虾(L=0.88±0.12cm,W=8.7mg)的24h、48h、72h、96h LC50及安全浓度,两者对罗氏沼虾的毒性Cd2+＞Cu2+.当0.01mg/L≤Cu2+≤0.10mg/L、0.002mg/L≤Cd2+≤0.008mg/L、0.05mg/L Zn2+≤0.85mg/L时,幼虾处在各重金属的各浓度试液中经过20d(Cu2+、Cd2+)和14d(Zn2+)的饲养,均遭受了程度不等的毒性作用,幼虾体长、体重增长率与成活率均不同程度的降低,试验虾体内的Cu2+绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加,Zn2+≤0.45mg/L时,幼虾对其绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加.受试幼虾对三种重金属积累倍数随着浓度的上升而下降.     

铁皮石斛组培苗生长差异与移栽成活率相关性研究

为了确定不同添加物处理对铁皮石斛组培苗生长和移栽后成活的影响,在培养基中分别添加食用甘薯粉、工业甘薯粉、食用马铃薯粉、工业马铃薯粉、木薯粉、香蕉粉以及香蕉泥进行培养,2个月后对组培苗进行移栽驯化,并统计地上部及地下部指标,4 个月后统计移栽成活率。结果表明,添加食用甘薯粉处理的组培苗鲜重和分蘖数最多;而添加香蕉泥处理有利于组培苗株高、节间数、叶片数及2~5 cm之间根数的增加;添加工业甘薯粉处理的组培苗茎粗最粗。各处理对移栽成活率的影响因素由高到低依次为：香蕉泥＞工业甘薯粉木薯粉＞工业马铃薯粉＞食用甘薯粉＞香蕉粉跃食用马铃薯粉。通过对不同添加物处理下组培苗性状与移栽成活率的灰度关联分析,得出影响石斛组培苗成活率的首要因子为节间数,其次为叶片数和株高袁而2~5 cm根条数,大于5cm根条数、鲜重、平均节间长、总根数、分蘖数、茎粗尧小于2cm根条数等指标与移栽成活率关联度较低。因此,在铁皮石斛组培过程中,除了注意诱导生根外,还要注意添加物的种类,尤其以能促进其节间数、株高、叶片数增加的添加物最为重要。     

活饵料培育大口鲶大规格鱼种的试验

先在池塘中培育麦瑞加拉鲮(简称麦鲮)鱼苗,待规格达到1.3~2cm时,放入规格为5cm的大口鲶鱼种,经过35d培育,大口鲶全长达到12~16.5cm,成活率为86.6%。试验结果表明,利用麦鲮鱼苗作为活饵料,是培育大口鲶鱼种的一种较好的方法。     

Improved techniques for the induction and isolation of polyploids in the genus Fragaria

Summary The sensitivity of Fragaria seedlings to colchicine is dependent on the plant organ that is treated. Complete immersion of seedlings in a 1.5% colchicine solution results in total lethality, whereas the survival rates were more than 75% even at concentrations of 3.0% when only shoot apices were treated. High proportions of polyploids were isolated by treating shoot apices of seedlings with a 2.0% colchicine solution for 24–28 h. The dropper method is preferred to the tube method as it involves a minimum of manipulation and requires simple equipment. A differential response to colchicine was observed within and between different diploid species, diploid and tetraploid hybrids.