猪宰后肌肉SOD与MDA的变化及其对肉质特性的影响

以莱芜猪(24头)、鲁莱黑猪(24头)和大约克夏猪(12头)共60头去势公猪为试验对象,研究宰后肌肉SOD活性与MDA含量的变化及其对肉质特性的影响。结果表明:①猪宰后肌肉随贮存时间的延长,肌肉SOD活性逐渐下降,MDA含量则逐渐上升;不同品种猪间的SOD活性和MDA含量,除MDA5 d差异不显著外(P0.05),其余均具有极显著的差异(P0.01),并且SOD活性始终是莱芜猪鲁莱黑猪大约克夏猪,MDA含量则是莱芜猪鲁莱黑猪大约克夏猪。②在肉质特性方面,不同品种猪间的肉色、滴水损失、系水率、烹饪损失、肌内脂肪(IMF)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量具有极显著的差异(P0.01),与大约克夏猪相比,莱芜猪和鲁莱黑猪肌肉具有鲜红的肉色、良好的持水性能、较丰富的IMF含量和较低的PUFA含量。③猪宰后肌肉SOD、MDA与持水性能、肉色、嫩度等重要肉质性状间存在不同程度的显著相关,证明SOD活性越高和MDA含量越低的肌肉,其系水力越高、肉色越鲜艳,并且肉质越细嫩。研究结果提示:猪宰后肌肉SOD通过消除或降低氧自由基而抑制脂质氧化,参与调控了肉质特性的形成。     

草食动物与植物之间协同进化研究

草食动物与植物之间存在协同进化关系。在环境的选择压力下,一方面植物为了逃避各类草食动物的采食而形成防御性的形态结构以及生理生态适应机制;另一方面,动物为了尽可能多地获得食物和满足营养需求,通过优化采食以提高其适合度。草食动物与植物之间的协同进化实际上也是自然界适者生存的＂军备竞赛＂,因而对物种进化产生重要影响。本文综述了草食动物与植物之间协同进化关系的研究进展,分析了协同进化的原因,并探讨其生态学意义。     

Serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters of Turkman horses

BACKGROUND: Lipid transport systems in animals have been evaluated both as experimental models for lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans and to gain insight into the lipid metabolism of specific breeds. The Turkman horse is a pure-blooded horse that lives on the margins of the Caspian Basin; information about serum lipids and lipoproteins in this breed is lacking. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in clinically healthy Turkman horses. METHODS: Concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were determined in serum samples from 48 Turkman horses of both sexes and 0-12 years of age. Results were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS: In both sexes and all age groups, the relative percentages of LDL-C (44.2-64.3%) were higher than those of HDL-C (29.7-47.1%) and VLDL-C (5.9-9.0%). Serum concentrations of TG and TC were significantly higher in male (0.45 +/- 0.12 mmol/L; 2.70 +/- 0.45 mmol/L) than in female (0.34 +/- 0.1 mmol/L; 2.15 +/- 0.3 mmol/L) horses in most age groups. The relative percentages of alpha- and beta-lipoproteins in electrophoretic tracings were 62.77 +/- 5.05% and 36.67 +/- 4.29%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum lipid and lipoprotein values in Turkman horses differ from those of other equine breeds, and may be useful for evaluating metabolic diseases in this species.     

Yak interferon-alpha loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled release

To explore the potential of a novel animal interferon formulation for controlled release, the yak interferon-alpha (IFN-α) glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the purified recombinant IFN-α was encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by double emulsion solvent evaporation (w/o/w) method. The particle size and zeta potential of IFN-α-loaded SLN were 124.2 ± 10.2 nm and −11.2 ± 0.6 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of IFN-α and loading capacity of the SLN were 83.7 ± 4.5% and 1.73 ± 0.15%, respectively. In vitro release study and antiviral assay demonstrated that the IFN-α released from the SLN in a 16-day period exhibited antiviral activity in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and showed a release pattern of an initial burst release followed by a sustained and slow release. Cytotoxicity assay in cell culture demonstrated that the SLN were not toxic. The results of this exploratory study suggest that the IFN-α-loaded SLN could be a useful formulation for controlled release in veterinary therapeutics.     

Effects of administration of IH901, a ginsenoside intestinal metabolite,on muscular and pulmonary antioxidant functions after eccentric exercise

This study was conducted to investigate whether administration of IH901, a ginseng intestinal metabolite, ameliorates exercise-induced oxidative stress while preserving antioxidant defense capability in rat skeletal muscles and lung. Eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats per group were randomly assigned to the resting control, exercise control, resting with IH901 (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) consumption (R/IH901), or exercise with IH901 (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) consumption (E/IH901) group. The trained groups ran 35 min 2 days/week for 8 weeks. To analyze the IH901-training interaction, serum biochemical analysis, lipid peroxidation, citrate synthase, protein oxidation, antioxidant and superoxide dismutase in skeletal muscles and lung tissue were measured. Compared to the exercise control group, animals that consumed IH901 had significantly increased exercise endurance times (p < 0.05) and decreased plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels (p < 0.05), while those in the E/IH901 groups had increased citrate synthase and anti-oxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, IH901 consumption in aging rats after eccentric exercise has beneficial effects on anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities through down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation and up-regulation of anti-oxidant enzymes.     

Isolation and biological properties of virulent subpopulations from lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strains

From each of two lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains of the type LaSota and Hitchner B1 a virulent subpopulation could be obtained. The two subpopulations were—in comparison to the two parent viruses—more resistant to the lipid solvent chloroform and more stable against thermal degradation. Also, the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and F (fusion) were more stable against thermal inactivation. Electron microscopic observations revealed in terms of size and morphology all of the characteristics of NDV. Both subpopulations possessed, however, the same elution kinetics as their respective parent strains. The intracerebral and intravenous pathogenicity indices as well as the mean death times of the two subpopulations allow to classify these viruses as virulent Newcastle disease viruses.     

Effect of dietary nutmeg oil on heat‐stress tolerance‐related parameters in Korean native chicken reared under hot temperature

This study investigated the effect of dietary nutmeg oil (NO) on growth performance, blood parameters, lipid peroxidation and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in Korean native chicken (KNC) reared under hot temperature. We allocated 273 meat‐type KNCs (Hanhyup‐3, 4‐week‐old, body weight [BW] = 539.93 ± 1.75 g) to the following three treatments with seven replicate pens (13 birds/pen) per treatment. Three treatment diets were as follows: (a) Control, basal diet without NO supplementation; (b) NO 250; and (c) NO 500, basal diet supplemented with 250 and 500 ppm NO respectively. Diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 6‐week feeding trial. During overall period (0–6 weeks), no differences (p > 0.05) were observed in BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) among treatments. However, the FI at 0–3 weeks decreased (p < 0.05) quadratically with increasing NO levels. Most blood parameters did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments, although the monocyte level of the NO 500 group was considerably lower (p > 0.05) than that of the other groups. Furthermore, dietary NO did not affect serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (p > 0.05); however, it linearly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and heart MDA concentration was lower (p = 0.08) with increasing dietary NO supplementation. After a 3‐hr heat (35°C) challenge, the rectal temperature (RT) reduced (p < 0.05) linearly with increasing NO levels. Dietary NO did not affect liver HSP70 (p > 0.05) gene expression. In conclusion, NO potentially enhanced the ability of chickens to alleviate heat stress. Furthermore, our findings suggest that lipid oxidation inhibition by dietary NO likely mediated the enhanced heat‐stress tolerance of the chickens.     

高锌对仔猪肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

本研究旨在探讨高浓度硫酸锌对仔猪肝脏脂肪代谢的影响.试验选用120头平均始重为(26.66±2.45)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,随机分成4组(对照组、试验组Ⅰ、试验组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅲ),每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪,分别饲喂添加60、300、1 000和3 000 mg/kg锌的基础饲粮.预试期7 d,正试期16 d.结果表明,与对照组相比,1)各试验组血清总甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量均显著提高(P<0.05);2)试验组Ⅲ血清总胆固醇、C18:1脂肪酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),肝脏C18:0、C18:2脂肪酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),而C16:0脂肪酸含量无显著变化(P>0.05);3)试验组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅲ肝脏硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(SCD1)mRNA水平、血浆瘦素和胰岛素含量都显著升高(P<0.05).随着锌浓度的升高,血浆四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)含量显著降低(P<0.05),三碘甲状腺素原氨酸(T3)和胰高血糖素含量有上升趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05).由此可知,饲粮中添加1 000和3 000 mg/kg锌上调了仔猪肝脏SCD1转录水平,促进了机体饱和脂肪酸(C18:0)的去饱和化,增加了机体甘油三酯和胆固醇的合成,且高锌可通过促进瘦素和胰岛素的分泌调节机体的脂肪代谢.     

饮茶对镉染毒SD大鼠抗氧化和脂质代谢的影晌

选用体质量均匀的成年雌、雄SD大鼠,并分为对照组、镉染毒组和镉染毒饮茶干扰组。在饲喂基础日粮的基础上,对照组饮用自来水;镉染毒纽饮用含镉（60mg／L）的水;镉染毒饮荼干扰组饮用舍镉（60mg／L）的龙井茶,探讨饮茶对镉毒性的干预效果。结果表明,镉可造成细胞脂质过氧化,细胞抗氧化能力降低,影响细胞正常代谢,并可导致机体血脂升高、动脉硬化的几率增加。饮茶拮抗镉的脂质过氧化损伤,激活了体内的抗氧化防御系统,并可降血脂、预防动脉硬化及调节脂质代谢。     

共轭亚油酸对五龙鹅生长发育和脂质代谢的影响

1日龄五龙鹅192只，随机分为4个处理，分别饲喂共轭亚油酸（CLA）水平为0．0、5．0、15．0和25．0g／kg的日粮，通过测定不同生长阶段的体增重（BWG）、采食量（FI）、料重比（F／G）、腹脂率（AFP），以及与脂质代谢有关血清生化指标，研究不同水平CLA日粮对五龙鹅生长发育和脂质代谢的影响。结果表明：在日粮中分别添加5．0g／kg和15．0g／kgCLA，对五龙鹅BWG无显著影响（P〉0．05），能够显著降低FI和F／G（P〈0．05）；显著降低AFP和血清甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）含量（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），增加了血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量和高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇之比（HDL-C／LDL-C）（P〈0．05）。日粮中添加25．0g／kgCLA，极显著地降低了FI和AFP（P〈0．01），对血清TG、TC、HDL-C、VLDL含量和HDL-C／LDL-C的影响差异不显著（P〉0．05）。适宜添加CLA对五龙鹅的生长发育和脂质代谢具有很好的促进和调节作用，即在五龙鹅的整个生长期内，CLA添加量不高于15．0g／kg时，不但能在不影响BWG的前提下提高饲料利用率，而且能够通过降低脂肪沉积和调节脂质代谢起到预防动脉粥样硬化的作用；但过多添加CLA（25．0g／kg）会使五龙鹅的生长发育受到抑制。