不同性诱产品对小菜蛾诱集效果比较及对其种群动态监测

在北京和上海两地对国内4种小菜蛾性诱剂和国外2种性诱剂的诱捕效果进行了田间试验,并比较了水盆和灯光的诱杀效果。结果表明,中国科学院动物研究所和北京中捷四方有限公司的性诱剂诱杀效果显著优于其他诱芯,两者之间无显著差异（p>0.05）,水盆诱捕效果明显优于灯诱。用筛选的最优诱芯,采用水盆诱集法监测了2007-2010年度北京延庆地区小菜蛾的种群动态,该地区小菜蛾不同年度间种群差异显著,因此,每年和常年监测可为小菜蛾的防治提供更准确的信息。     

油菜小麦邻作模式对麦蚜主要天敌种群动态以及小麦生产的影响*

麦蚜是危害我国小麦生产的重要害虫。本试验探索了油菜小麦邻作模式以及小麦单作模式对麦蚜主要天敌发生的影响,以小麦和油菜交界处向两边各在0、2、4、6、8、16 m处设立试验小区,记录麦蚜主要天敌发生数量以及测定小麦株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重,揭示油菜小麦邻作模式对小麦生产的影响。结果表明：随着油菜的成熟,瓢虫逐渐向油菜小麦邻近处转移,且迁移的最有效距离为4 m;对邻作小麦田蚜茧蜂数量最高峰当日数据进行分析,发现除最高的0 m（2009年）和4 m（2010年）处外,其他各距离之间不存在显著差异,而单作田各距离之间蚜茧蜂数量上的差异不明显;相比于小麦单作模式,油菜小麦邻作显著提高了小麦的株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重。总之,油菜小麦邻作模式有利于麦蚜主要天敌向小麦田转移,并能提高小麦的产量和生物量。     

对崔-Lawson氏种群增长模型的探讨(Ⅲ)

简要述评了关于崔-Lawson模型讨论中的各种观点。作者认为崔-Lawson模型的推导过程中隐含有严重错误,不能将Michaelis-Menten方程视为崔-Lawson模型的理论基础。本文依据Smith模型提出了一个适合于描述S形增长过程的、具有可变拐点位置的方程(dN)/(dt)=a_m((N_m-N)/(N_m+kN))N。     

GIS辅助下的图斑地类识别方法研究——以土地利用动态监测为例

针对土地利用动态监测存在的问题，探索了充分利用了GIS中地块边界的信息，提取出标准地类地块边界的灰度特征，纹理特征和形态特征，提出基于这些特征建立相应的决策树和判决规则，对于任一待测地块可利用提取的特征信息通过距离判别法判断其所属地类，这种GIS辅助下的图斑地类新识别方法的准确率较高，也是将有感影像与地理信息结合起来的一种有效的手段。     

三峡水库消落带几种草本植物根系的垂直分布特征

[目的]明确三峡水库消落带典型草本植物根系分布特征,为三峡消落带的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]在三峡腹地石宝镇消落带选取牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)、扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)三种人工恢复草本和自然恢复草本,利用WinRhizo Pro.2009c根系分析系统研究其根系的土壤剖面分布特征。[结果]4种草本类型的的根系主要分布在0—10cm土层,根长密度、根直径(除自然杂草外)、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根尖密度均随土壤深度的增加而呈指数函数减小;除根径外,在整个土层剖面中(0—25cm),3种人工草本的根系指标都要显著高于自然恢复杂草。[结论]4种草本根系发达,对消落带水淹胁迫的适应性强。     

陕北粮食生产潜力及土地人口承载力研究

在光温生产潜力计算的基础上,经过降水、土壤肥力和土壤质量等自然因素的订正,分析了陕北的土地生产潜力和粮食生产潜力。通过对陕北主要粮食作物产量分析,采用产潜比增长速度法预测了2010年和2020年的粮食产量,并据此计算2010年和2020年的潜在人口最大承载量,提出了陕北建立稳定协调可持续发展的人地关系的关键。     

Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat)

The methanogenic populations able to use H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate were investigated in paddy field soil in situ under double cropping conditions [rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a summer crop under flooded conditions and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as an upland winter crop] over 2 years approximately bimonthly by the most probable number method. Three fields, one without fertilizer, one treated with inorganic fertilizer (mixed fertilizer including urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium sulfate), and one treated with wheat straw plus inorganic fertilizer, were examined. The population of H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate utilizers in the paddy field soil at a depth of 1–6 cm was 10³–10⁴, 10⁴–10⁵, and 10⁴–10⁵ g^-1 dry soil, respectively. These values were almost constant during the 2 years irrespective of moisture regime (flooded or nonflooded), crop (rice or wheat), fertilizer treatment, and soil depth (0–1, 1–10, and 10–20 cm).     

武夷山黄山松群落物种多样性与种群空问格局的研究

对武夷山黄山松群落物种多样性和种群空间格局的研究结果表明 ,低海拔地区由于受人为干扰影响较大而物种多样性与种群空间分布格局未表现出明显规律性 ,高海拔地区群落物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度均有不同程度下降 ,黄山松种群空间格局均呈集群分布 ,且随海拔高度升高而黄山松种群生长受到一定抑制     

Fungal abundance and distribution as influenced by clearing and land use in a vertic soil of Argentina

The influence of native vegetation clearing and different further soil managements on fungal propagule population diversity was studied in the present work. In each of the 3 years (1998, 1999, and 2000), soil samples were collected at the depth of 0–7.5 cm from sites under native vegetation (V0); naturalized prairie, cleared in 1982 (P16); conventional tillage, cleared in 1972 (T26); and direct drilling, cleared in 1958 (D40). Fungal population size and relative abundance of fungal genera were studied by plate counts and further identification of isolates on potato dextrose agar. The undisturbed site and the other sites with increasing time elapsed since native vegetation clearing and different management history showed a distinctive distribution of fungal genera. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the sites in the abundance of fungal genera analyzed in all the 3 years. Principal component analysis based on relative fungal genus abundance differentiated the sites with 75% variance explained by the first and second components. Diversity and abundance of isolated fungal genera were increased as density of Penicillium spp. decreased, suggesting a competitive effect of this fungal genus. The largest diversity was found in the site under no-till management. The different distribution and relative abundance of the fungal genera studied seemed to be influenced strongly by the management and the presence of surface residue in the no-tilled site.     

Effect of selection under cultivation on morphological traits and yield of Ladino white clover landraces

One reason for the relatively low genetic advance realized in forage legumes may be the possible selection, under the severe intraspecific competition occurring naturally during cultivation, of a few high-yielding genotypes that would be of similar value in a broadly-based landrace or old cultivar and a narrowly-based, modern variety. The effect of selection under cultivation was assessed in two Ladino white clover farm landraces. Genotypes collected from each farm after a three-year crop cycle (survivor populations), or obtained from the seed used to establish each meadow (original populations), were multiplied clonally and evaluated in isolation and monoculture conditions for one year. The occurrence of directional selection was observed only in the landrace featured by greater intra-population variation in favour of genotypes with longer petioles (+11%), larger leaf size (+13%), less stolons (–14%) and lower production of heads (–16%). Selection for the first two traits would imply an increase of competitive ability, whilst that for the fourth trait appeared mainly as a correlated response. The trade-off between leaf gigantism and head production could act as a buffering mechanism against rapid change in genotype frequencies following random mating. A slight trend towards directional selection for higher yield (+6%) in the same landrace was not statistically significant. No disruptive or stabilizing selection was observed for any trait in either landrace.