美丽胡枝子多倍体诱导的初步研究

采用秋水仙碱对美丽胡枝子的种子和茎尖进行了多倍体诱导。研究结果表明,诱导种子和茎尖均能获得多倍体,但以茎尖加倍效果较好,以φ=0.1%处理36h,多倍体诱导率达到44.4%。加倍植株表现为茎短、叶厚、叶大、色深,其体细胞染色体数为44(2n=4x=44)。     

彩色马蹄莲大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育的研究

2n配子介导的有性多倍化已成为目前我国彩色马蹄莲的主要育种方法,但其进一步应用却受到对彩色马蹄莲生殖生物学特点缺乏了解的严重限制。本研究以"京彩阳光"为材料,利用石蜡切片技术对其大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育进行显微观察。结果显示:(1)花药具4囊;花药壁为基本发育型,具变形绒毡层;小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成左右对称型四分体,胞质分裂为连续型,成熟花粉为二细胞型。(2)胚珠倒生,双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线性四分体,珠孔端3个大孢子退化,合点端的1个发育成功能大孢子,并经3次有丝分裂形成8核蓼型胚囊。(3)雌蕊先于雄蕊发育且同步性较好;大小孢子及雌雄配子体发育之间以及与花蕾形态之间具有相关性。最后,对该品种的2n雌雄配子诱导有效时期和方法进行了探讨分析,这将为今后探索彩色马蹄莲多倍体育种新方法和新途径提供技术支持和理论依据。     

中国洪湖不同倍性泥鳅的染色体组型及形态特征比较分析

以中国洪湖自然二倍体、三倍体、四倍体泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus为研究对象,运用经典的形态测量观察方法、染色体制片技术对不同倍性泥鳅的染色体组型、形态特征进行比较分析。结果表明：1）二倍体泥鳅2n=50,核型公式为10m＋4sm＋36t,NF=64;三倍体泥鳅3n=75,核型公式为15m＋6sm＋54t,NF=96;四倍体泥鳅4n=100,核型公式为20m＋8sm＋72t,NF=128;2）5个比例性状测量结果显示,二倍体与四倍体很接近,没有表现出明显的差异,但两者与三倍体在眼后头长/体长（PL/SL）、后头部到鳃的距离/体长（LOOSR/SL）、背鳍前端到尾鳍的距离/体长（LODO-CB/SL）3个比例性状存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;3）主成分分析表明,二倍体、三倍体及四倍体形态差异主要系躯体后半部差异所致;（4）聚类分析结果显示,洪湖二倍体和四倍体相聚类,亲缘关系较近,与三倍体群体的聚类关系较远。     

鱼类遗传改良研究综述

本文对全世界范围内鱼类遗传改良研究的概况及其有关问题进行了全面的介绍和评述,从选择育种、杂交育种、性别控制、多倍体诱导、细胞核移植和细胞融合、低温保存技术、DNA分子标记育种、转基因技术等方面系统介绍了鱼类遗传改良的方法、在水产养殖中的应用和已取得的成就,并对鱼类遗传改良今后的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为今后进一步开展鱼类遗传改良研究提供参考。     

兰州百合多倍体诱导及鉴定

以兰州百合鳞片为试材,利用秋水仙碱溶液对兰州百合进行了人工多倍体诱导.结果表明:秋水仙碱最佳处理浓度和最佳处理时间分别为0.l％、24 h,细胞诱变率达60％.对获得的兰州百合多倍体与二倍体叶片气孔大小及密度进行测定,通过方差分析,气孔大小及密度差异达到极显著水平.对兰州百合多倍体和二倍体植株根尖染色体计数发现,二倍体植株所有细胞染色体数为2n=2x=24,多倍体植株中有的细胞染色体数为2n=2x=24,而有些细胞染色体数为2n=4x=48.     

Polyploidy and Aneuploidy in the Tamarillo, Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt. (Solanaceae)

The occurrence of spontaneous polyploidy was quantified in the tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea [Cav.] Sendt.), a diploid (2n = 2x = 24) solanaceous fruit crop cultivated in New Zealand. Polyploids of this species were recognized by their small, almost seedless fruit, these types occurring at a frequency of 0.24 % in seedling orchards. Parallel spindles were seen on rare occasions during meiotic anaphase II in diploid tamarillos and were the probable cause of spontaneous polyploidy in this crop. Pollen volume and viability, seed number per fruit, seed weight, fruit size, stomatal length and guard cell chloroplast number were measured in diploids and polyploids. The polyploids typically showed the manifestation of the gigas effect, with thicker leaves and larger flowers. Pollen volume, stomatal length and guard cell chloroplast number also increased with higher ploidy. Pollen viability was markedly lower in the polyploids compared to the diploids and in combination with post-zygotic abnormalities caused a reduction in seed set and hence fruit size. Improvements in fertility and thus fruit size would be needed if the polyploids were to have commercial potential.     

橡胶树人工多倍体染色倍性研究

以经秋水仙素诱导成功的少垦2和PR107品系16a树龄的橡胶树人工多倍体无性系（处理）和其亲本二倍体（对照）植株为材料，分析多倍体橡胶树细胞染色体倍性的组成情况和纯合程度，并分析比较多倍体与二倍体之间及其树间和部位间细胞染色体倍性组成的差异情况。结果表明：（1）这2个品系的多倍体植株系由多种染色体倍性的细胞嵌合在一起构成，且以多倍细胞为主；在植株之间或部位间，这些不同倍性细胞的比例结构或嵌合程度差异很大；经过16a的生长，这些橡胶树多倍体的三倍细胞比例明显增加，而相应的四倍细胞比例大幅度下降，四倍细胞有逐渐向三倍细胞转化的趋势。（2）对照的2个品系的亲本二倍体各植株以及植株内的各部位的细胞，基本上是二倍体，细胞染色体倍性较纯合，植株间和部位间各种染色体倍性细胞比例差异均不显著。本上是二倍体，细胞染色体倍性倍性较纯合，植株间和部位间各种染色体倍性细胞比例差异均不显著。     

Wheat research and breeding in the new era of a high-quality reference genome

The publications of the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) released in August 2018 are reviewed and placed into the context of developments arising from the availability of the high-quality wheat genome assembly.     

Meiotic chromosome and pollen morphological studies of polyploid Cucumis species

summary Meiotic chromosome studies of polyploid Cucumis species revealed the presence of bivalent chromosome configurations in the tetraploid C. aculeatus and C. zeyheri and hexaploid C. figarei, while a maximum of ten quadrivalents were observed in pollen mother cells of a tetraploid species, C. heptadactylus.Allotetraploidy was not accompanied by an increase in the number of pores per pollen grain, but the autotetraploid and hexaploid species showed a relatively high percentage of 4-porate pollen. The pollen fertility of the tetraploid species was normal.Contribution from the Department of Horticulture and Department of Agronomy. Supported by the Colorado State University Experiment Station and published as Scientific Series Paper No 2403.Former Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Horticulture (present address, 1030 Sanders St., Auburn, Alabama 36830 USA) and Professor, Department of Agronomy, respectively.     

Enhancing the productivity of secondary metabolites via induced polyploidy: a review

Summary Artificial polyploidy generally enhances the vigour of determinate plant parts and may be favourable where vegetative organs and biomass constitute the economic product. Giving suitable examples, it is shown that genomic multiplication can confer enhanced production and/or qualitative improvement in the biochemical profile of secondary metabolites. Allopolyploidisation can bring about natural complementation of biosynthetic pathways to harness the useful metabolites. A plea is made to utilise the induced polyploidy approach as a rapid means to attain enhanced production of secondary metabolites: pharmaceuticals, aroma chemicals, etc. The necessary prerequisites that may be needed for achieving genetic stability and reproductive success of the induced polyploids are outlined.