扬州市土壤重金属含量的调查

对全市385个土样分析结果表明,扬州市耕地土壤总体是清洁的,全市89 35%的土壤属于清洁地范围(综合污染指数≤0 7),7 53%的土壤属尚清洁范围(综合污染指数0 7～1 0之间),3 12%的土壤属轻度污染(综合污染指数1 0～2 0之间)。全市土壤重金属污染的顺序是Hg>Cr>As>Cu>Pb>Cd,各地区中,以邗江区土壤重金属含量相对较高。     

淮河安徽段水环境污染现状与防治对策

淮河是中国七大水系中污染最严重的河流之一，水污染使水资源紧张状况更为严峻，制约了区域经济的可持续发展。近年来，淮河干流水质有所好转，尤其是高污染河段的状况改善明显，但淮河的治理任务仍然艰巨。本文着重从流域的角度分析了淮河安徽段水环境污染现状、淮河水环境污染的主要因素和原因，最后从产业结构优化、水资源重复利用、污水处理厂建设以及推行清洁生产等方面，探讨了应对淮河水环境污染的主要措施。     

Temporal Changes in the State of a Pine Stand in a Bog Affected by Air Pollution in Northeast Estonia

We used the needle trace method to investigate changes in the state of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in a bog (Voorepera) in the north-eastern part of Estonia, the most polluted area of the country. Additionally, we chose six sampling sites in other parts of Northeast Estonia (polluted area) and eight sites in southern Estonia (unpolluted area) to compare the state of pine stands in different bogs. During the period of 1964–1997, the radial growth had increased from 0.27 to 2.16 mm yr^–1 and the annual shoot length from 0.10 to 0.28 m in Voorepera. Mean values of the period (1.13 mm yr^–1 and 0.26 m, respectively) were two and four times higher in Voorepera than the average of the other bogs (0.5 mm yr^–1 and 0.06 m, respectively). Maximum needle age fluctuated between three and five growing seasons in Voorepera, the mean (four growing seasons) was similar to that of other bogs (four growing seasons). Except radial growth, which was 0.6 mm yr^–1 in the polluted area and 0.4 mm yr^–1 in the unpolluted area, other indices of trees' health (shoot growth, needle age, nitrogen concentration in needles) and substrate conditions (water pH and N concentration) did not show clear differences between polluted and unpolluted areas. We conclude that air pollution from oil shale industry (thermal power plant and chemical factories) enhances the growth of pines in bogs, which can induce drastic changes in these ecosystems. However, the effect is currently obvious only in the vicinity of pollution sources.     

Decomposition in five woodland soils: relationships with some invertebrate populations and with weather

Summary In two alluvial forests, a beech forest, an oakhazel-wood and a spruce forest, correlations between abiotic factors and the different groups of soil animals on the one hand and the decomposition rate (mean rate of disappearance) on the other hand have been the subject of investigation. There is a positive correlation between Lumbricidae and Brachycera imagines and the pH and the decomposition rate, but a negative one with Enchytraeidae and Nematocera imagines.Varying weather conditions are of great importance for decomposition processes. The influence of temperature seems to be insignificant. In the deciduous forests fluctuations of precipitation correlate fairly well with fluctuations in rates of decomposition, because of the high abundance of lumbricids. The spruce forest has very few lumbricids and the influence of weather on the course of decomposition is insignificant. Yet there is only a very loose relationship with the annual fluctuations of weather conditions. Only a major event such as the relatively low temperature and precipitation of 1980 is capable of inhibiting the development of sciarid larvae and enchytraeids and hence reducing the ensuing decomposition rate in 1981 and possibly even in 1982. The reason for this is that sciarid larvae and imagines, for example, go through critical periods during their development, which are influenced by the weather, frequently with a time lag of 1 year.Long-term investigations in the spruce forest have established a high correlation between sciarid larvae and enchytraeids and the decomposition rate.Dedicated to the late Prof.Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Heavy Metal and Arsenic Profiles in Ombrogenous Peat Cores from Four Differently Loaded Areas in Finland

The concentrations and vertical distribution of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and As were studied in four different ombrotrophic peat bogs with varying heavy metal loads at Hietajärvi, Outokumpu, Harjavalta and Alkkia in Finland. At each site a peat sample (15 cm × 15 cm × 100 cm) was taken using a Titanium Wardenaar corer, and the samples were cut into 5 cm slices. Dried and milled samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mean concentrations of the elements were at their highest at Harjavalta (the most polluted area), apart from Cu which had the highest value at the Cu-treated site at Alkkia. Cu concentrations were above the lowest effective limit (LOEL) on all the plots except for the background plot at Hietajärvi. The maximum Cu values were reached in the topmost 20 cm layer, indicating the effects of mining and smelting activities. The highest Zn and Ni concentrations occurred in the 0–40 cm layer. At all sites, the maximum Pb concentrations were located between 10 and 50 cm. However, the Pb concentrations were higher at Alkkia and Harjavalta than at Outokumpu and Hietajärvi, indicating anthropogenic sources of Pb at the former sites. The As concentration was also the highest in the uppermost peat layers. The mean concentrations were markedly lower in the deeper layers (40–80 cm) than in the upper layers.     

Effects of soil properties and humidity regimes on semi-natural meadow productivity

ABSTRACT

The research has been conducted for four years in five phytocenoses affected by the processes of naturalization. Two of them are located in non-flooded, relatively abandoned meadows and the remaining - flooded meadows in different parts of the Nemunas delta (Western Lithuania). The aim of the research was to estimate the influence of ecological conditions (humidity regimes, soil agrochemical parameters) on semi-natural meadow productivity. Humidity regimes and nitrogen amount in the soil influenced dry matter (DM) yield of meadow phytocesosis. The biggest DM yield (8.64 ± 0.77 t ha^-1) was found in flooded meadow in the central part of the Nemunas delta in Terric Histosol (HSs) soil, which had moderate acidity and was rich in nitrogen. The economic value depended on the prevailing plant species and was the highest in non-flooded meadows. Botanical composition and plant species number depended on agrochemical characteristics of the soil and management activities: the greatest plant species diversity and the best plant population stability were established in flooded meadow in the riverside part of the Nemunas delta behind a levee in soil rich in phosphorus and potassium and low acidity. A similar number of plant species and similar ecological stability parameters were found in non-flooded meadow, whose soil was low in nutrients, but there was intensified farming.     

Interactive effect between Cu‐adapted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biotreated agrowaste residue to improve the nutritional status of Oenothera picensis growing in Cu‐polluted soils

The interactive effect of sugar beet (SB) agrowaste and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation in response to increasing Cu levels was evaluated in the metallophyte Oenothera picensis. Plants were grown in a Cu‐added soil (0, 100, or 500 mg Cu kg^?1), in presence or absence of SB, and inoculated with: (1) indigenous Cu adapted mycorrhiza (IM) isolated from Cu‐polluted soils; (2) Claroideoglomus claroideum (CC); or (3) maintained uninoculated (control). Sugar beet application produced an increase in shoot biomass of 2 to 7 times, improving plant nutritional status and allowing their survival at the highest Cu concentrations. Moreover, AM fungi utilization had a positive effect promoting the plant establishment; nevertheless, Cu plant concentration as well as the mycorrhizal development in terms of AM colonization, AM spore density, and glomalin production were strictly dependent of the AM fungi strains used. Remarkable differences between AM fungi strains were observed at the highest soil Cu level where only plants colonized by IM were able to survive and grow when no SB residue was added. An interactive effect between AM fungi and SB produced a higher plant growth than plants without the amendment application, improving the plant establishment and allowing their survival at highest copper concentrations, suggesting that this combination could be used as a biotechnological tool for the phytoremediation of Cu‐polluted soils.     

GAP对茶叶企业环境污染的控制措施分析

茶叶是人类常用饮料之一,但其种植和加工过程可能会产生一些不良的环境影响,良好农业规范(GAP)提倡通过可持续发展措施促进环境保护。简要介绍了茶叶企业环境污染的来源,分析了茶叶种植和加工过程中可能产生的环境污染及GAP标准所采取的控制措施。     

海阳市冬小麦生长期的气候条件分析

应用海阳市近50年的气温、降水、日照等气象资料和出现的气象灾害记录资料,分析了海阳市冬小麦生长期的气候条件,指出了影响冬小麦生长的干旱、连阴雨、冰雹、晚霜冻等不利气象条件发生的频率及出现的天气形势,并提出了相应的防御措施.     

陕西某高校新装修楼内甲醛·臭氧浓度检测及植物对甲醛净化水平研究

[目的]研究新装修教室内甲醛、臭氧的浓度及在开放条件下有关植物对污染性气体的净化能力.[方法]以陕西某高校为例,在其新装修的教学八楼、教学九楼内共选取12个样点教室,采用便携式智能气体检测仪器对其甲醛与臭氧浓度进行监测.于每天07:00～08:00和21:00 ～ 22:00分别监测lh,连续监测30 d,得到监测点的平均水平即为该点甲醛和臭氧的浓度水平.[结果]两栋教学楼内甲醛浓度均远低于国家标准值;臭氧浓度均与国家标准浓度相差不大,在标准值上下浮动.其中早晨甲醛水平高于夜晚,而臭氧则为夜晚水平高于早晨.在教学八楼的3间样点教室内摆放绿萝、常春藤及吊兰,另外3间样点教室中不摆放植物,一个月后对比测定结果,显示摆放植物的3间教室甲醛浓度明显降低.[结论]新装修教室内甲醛、臭氧的浓度不会对教师和学生的身体产生危害.在相同的开放空间中,植物对室内甲醛的净化作用比较明显.