应用Manure-DNDC模型模拟畜禽养殖氮素污染

畜禽养殖是重要的农业面源氮素污染源头,大量的畜禽粪便施入农田后,会加大农田氮素径流和淋溶损失强度。畜禽养殖废弃物氮素污染过程复杂,涉及到动物自身营养循环以及废弃物通过不同途径进入环境的过程,目前大多通过排放系数法估算畜禽养殖过程产生的氮素污染负荷。该文选用最新版Manure-DNDC模型,以山东小清河流域为例,模拟畜禽养殖及废弃物处理的生物地球化学过程,分析氮素在动物、畜禽粪便、农田之间的迁移转化,探讨该过程中氮素的主要损失途径以及污染物负荷的时空变化特征。模拟结果表明,小清河流域2008年畜禽养殖及粪便处理场所氮素径流损失4.66万t,粪便施入农田后的氮素径流和淋溶损失分别为0.1、0.51万t。     

Tomato fruit quality as influenced by the interactions between agricultural techniques and harvesting period

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is an important crop in terms of its economic and nutritional value. Many factors, including cultivar, climate, geography, geochemistry, and agricultural practice, can affect its nutrient concentrations. An HJ‐biplot study was performed to examine the effects of cultivar (Dorothy, Boludo, Dominique, Thomas, and Dunkan), agricultural practices, climatic factors, and their interactions. Significant differences were analyzed using a one‐way ANOVA. All samples were collected and assayed at the same degree of ripeness. In the conventional and organic tomato samples, those harvested from December to April had the highest concentrations of fructose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, protein, Na, and Mg, while those harvested in October had the highest concentrations of lycopene and hydroxycinnamic acid. There were high concentrations of Ca, P, Zn, and Cu in the no‐soil tomatoes. Conventional and organic cultivation practices showed similar results with respect to the collection period, both presenting high organic compound concentrations, while high mineral concentrations seemed to correspond to the no‐soil practice. No clear pattern was observed among the different cultivars, perhaps due to all the samples having been collected at the same degree of ripeness.     

太湖流域农业结构多目标优化设计

该文运用线性规划模型,以农业面源污染削减、粮食及副食品供应安全和农业经济发展为多重目标,设置了流域6大分区农、牧、渔共72个变量,进行了太湖流域农业结构的优化设计。研究结果得到了流域及其6大分区不同农田利用方式、畜禽和淡水养殖结构的优化方案,可以在保证流域粮食及副食品安全和目前产值水平的前提下,达到农业面源污染35.1%的削减率。根据优化设计结果,提出了保持水田面积、旱地栽培大幅压缩,蔬菜生产设施化、园地生产保持稳定、猪与家禽养殖明显压缩、淡水养殖“压中有保”的太湖流域农业结构调整方向,并对不同分区的调整重点进行了分析。     

河岸带耕地降雨径流产流特征分析

在孟津黄河漫滩的河岸带上开展了野外定位观测,研究了自然降雨情况下,河岸林地转变成农耕地前后降雨地表径流产流的污染特征。结果表明,河岸滩区具有较强的土壤人渗能力,径流产流的次降雨量临界值为20mm;滩区径流系数相对偏小：耕地平均3．5％,林地平均2．0％;在耕地开垦初期,由于雨滴的直接溅蚀,表土存在“板结”现象,径流系数增加较为明显。河岸滩区的降雨径流呈弱碱性（pH=8．0—9．5）,且盐分含量偏高;耕地径流和林地径流水质的差异表现在耕地径流具有较低的高锰酸盐指数和总氮含量;由于耕地的径流产生量明显大于林地,耕地径流的污染物（土壤颗粒物、有机物、总氮和总磷）产生总量约是林地径流的1．5-3．0倍。土壤翻动后的首次降雨通常会引起耕地较平时5—10倍的土壤颗粒物和总磷流失。林改耕后,径流颗粒物和总磷含量较参照耕地平均增加3倍,成为滨河漫滩农田开垦初期的应首要控制的污染物。河岸滩区在河岸缓冲、屏障和面源污染物削减方面具有重要的水文生态功能,因此在河岸滩区的开发进程中,应注重加强对原生河岸带的生态保护与管理。     

上海郊区中心小城镇半城市化特征及其对水环境的影响实例研究

中心小城镇作为上海市都市城镇构造体系的一级,对于区域城市化进程及产业区位调整具有极为重要的意义,同时中心小城镇具有典型的半城市化特征,这是导致中心小城镇成为该区域新的环境污染中心的重要原因。以青浦区为例分析半城市化的具体表现,以枫泾镇镇区内河流水体及沉积物总磷区域及季节特征揭示由半城市化问题所带来的水体污染的严重性。夏季镇区河流所有样点均遭受严重的磷污染,而且区域内差异性大,小城镇河流磷污染严重于其它类型的水体磷污染,这一特征较好地反映了中心小城镇半城市化所带来环境问题的突出性。     

干旱与Cd双重胁迫对土壤-小麦-蚜虫系统Cd转移规律影响的研究

为探究干旱和重金属双重胁迫对土壤-小麦-蚜虫系统内Cd转移规律的影响,为小麦蚜虫的生态调节提供理论依据,本研究以麦长管蚜[Sitobionavenae(Fabricius)]为研究对象,用原子吸收分光光度法分别测定不同土壤Cd含量(100 mg?kg-1、200 mg?kg-1)及不同程度干旱胁迫(无胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫)处理下小麦根茎叶及蚜虫体内的Cd含量。结果表明:土壤Cd含量及干旱单一胁迫均对小麦及蚜虫体内的Cd含量造成了显著影响(P0.05)。两者交互作用对小麦根部及叶部的Cd含量影响显著,而对小麦茎部及蚜虫体内Cd含量影响不显著。在相同胁迫条件下, Cd在小麦中的积累分布为根茎叶。随着干旱胁迫程度增大,小麦根部Cd含量及土壤-根转移系数降低,茎部Cd含量及根-茎转移系数升高,麦长管蚜Cd含量在土壤Cd含量100mg?kg-1下高于土壤Cd含量200 mg?kg-1;中度干旱胁迫增加了麦长管蚜体内Cd累积量,而重度干旱胁迫则降低了其体内Cd累积量。叶-蚜虫的Cd转移系数明显大于土壤-根、根-茎和茎-叶转移系数且大于1,说明Cd在麦长管蚜体内产生了生物富集作用。综上所述,干旱胁迫促进了Cd从土壤向小麦茎部转移和根部Cd累积,但抑制了Cd从根部到茎部转移和茎部Cd累积;中度干旱胁迫促进了麦长管蚜体内Cd的积累,而重度干旱胁迫抑制了麦长管蚜体内Cd的积累。     

农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——案例分析

农村面源污染问题日益突出,是当前水污染控制与水环境改善的重点和难点。“十一五”期间,在国家水专项的支持下,以农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论（源头减量-过程阻断-养分再利用-生态修复）为指导,选择江苏省无锡市的直湖港小流域龙延村为综合示范区进行了技术的集成与工程化应用,取得了良好效果。本文以此为典型案例,详细介绍了综合示范区的污染现状、“4R”技术的集成应用与衔接配套、各项技术应用的污染控制效果以及区域环境改善效果,并对“4R”理论的核心内涵以及未来的发展进行了总结和讨论。     

Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils

Heavy metal contamination can inhibit soil functions but it is often difficult to determine the degree of pollution or when soil reclamation is complete. Enzyme assays offer potential as indicators of biological functioning of soils. However, antecedent water content of soil samples may affect the outcome of biological measurements. In Mediterranean regions, for much of the year ‘field moist’ surface soil can have water content similar to that of air-dry samples. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the sensitivity of a range of enzyme assays to detect the degree of pollution from a heavy metal mine spill; (2) evaluate rewetting field-dry soil as a pre-treatment for enzyme assays; and (3) test multivariate analysis for improving discrimination between polluted, reclaimed and non-polluted soils. The Aznalcóllar mining effluent spill provided a unique opportunity to address these objectives. This accident released toxic, heavy metal-contaminated (As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Tl, Zn…) and acid tailings into the Guadiamar watershed (SW Spain) in 1998, severely affecting the riparian zone along more than 4000 ha. Contaminated soils were collected from the highly polluted upper watershed and less polluted lower watershed along with reclaimed soil at both sites. Enzyme activities (phosphatases, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase) were assessed on both field-moist samples and soils rewetted to 80% of water-holding capacity and then incubated at 21 °C for 7 d prior to the assay. The reclaimed soils had higher activities than polluted soils but, typically, 1.5-3 times lower levels of activity than the non-polluted soil. Regardless of the moisture pre-treatment, all enzymes showed significant effects due to pollution, with urease and β-glucosidase showing the greatest discrimination between degrees of contamination. In general, rewetting field-dried soils increased activities on non-polluted and reclaimed soils which improved discrimination with polluted soils. Another method to increase the potential of soil enzyme activities to detect soil contamination could be to combine them in multivariate analysis, which provides a more holistic representation of the biochemical and microbial functionality of a soil.     

茶园土壤污染及其防治

茶园土壤污染状况关系到茶叶生产的可持续发展和人类健康,也是当前我国茶叶生产中倍受关注的问题之一。本文根据近年来在茶园土壤污染等方面的相关研究资料,分析了我国茶园土壤的污染类型及现状,提出了控制、治理和修复茶园污染土壤的一些方法及措施。