Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.     

农业面源污染及其控制技术研究

水环境面源污染的严重性已受到国内外普遍关注，面源污染业已成为国际上水环境问题研究的活跃领域。从农业面源污染的发生机理和农业面源污染的特点出发，通过分析农业面源污染与水体环境之间的关系，探讨了农业面源污染对水环境的影响。对于面源污染的控制，最佳管理措施（BMPs）现已得到广泛应用。其中，人工湿地、前置库、缓冲带、水陆交错带、水土保持和农业生态工程等是目前研究和应用较多的农业面源污染控制技术。     

Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

The Florida Keys coral reef ecosystem supports multimillion-dollar commercial and recreational fisheries. The ecological effects caused by fishing gear that is lost when cut or broken after snagging on the bottom is a growing concern to managers and scientists. Few data exist, however, to assess the impacts of lost fishing gear to benthic organisms and habitat structure. In this study, 63 offshore coral reef and hard-bottom sites were surveyed during 2001 to quantify the impacts of lost fishing gear to coral reef sessile invertebrates. Lost hook-and-line fishing gear accounted for 87% of all debris (N=298 incidences) encountered and was responsible for 84% of the 321 documented impacts to sponges and benthic cnidarians, predominantly consisting of tissue abrasion causing partial individual or colony mortality. Branching gorgonians (Octocorallia) were the most frequently affected (56%), followed by milleporid hydrocorals (19%) and sponges (13%). Factors affecting the impacts of lost fishing gear include sessile invertebrate density, the density of lost fishing gear, and gear length. While lost hook-and-line fishing gear is ubiquitous in the Florida Keys, less than 0.2% of the available milleporid hydrocorals, stony corals, and gorgonians in the habitats studied are adversely affected in terms of colony abrasions and partial mortality.     

方法检出限对水质量评价等级制约的研究

为了研究不同仪器、方法对同一水样检测的结果是否有明显差异,是否得到不同的评价参数,选取河南省新乡市地表水和地下水各3个样本,分别用原子吸收分光光度法（AAS法）和电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP-OES法）检测同一样本中6种金属元素的浓度,并进行检测的差异性分析;评价其水质等级。结果表明,所获得的36对检测结果数据均有明显差异,其中14个指标的污染等级不同。仪器与方法检出限较高,导致所得监测结果受检出限限制,不是真实、准确测得的结果,而是取检出限的一半的值得出,影响了环境质量评价结果的准确、真实程度,影响环境管理措施的制定和实施,应当选择检出限低于最高评价等级数值的仪器和方法。     

现代农业开发建设项目环境影响评价简析

农业开发建设项目具有很强的环境依赖性。现代农业的发展带动了农村经济的发展和农民收入的增加,也改变了原有土地利用方式和生态环境。农业建设项目对环境的影响是一个长期累积的过程,因此环境影响评价对污染的预防和控制尤为重要。文章主要分析了现代农业建设项目的环境问题、开展环境影响评价的主要内容以及保护对策和措施,以期为相关项目的环评工作提供参考和借鉴。     

基于GIS的绿色农产品基地适宜性评价

建立和完善绿色农产品基地适宜性评价方法,提高评价结果的实用性和准确性,是实现农产品安全的根本保障。研究依据基地认证者、规划者、生产者3种评价主体实际需求,分别引入污染潜在风险指标和经济状况指标,建立面向不同评价主体需求的多种主导因子评价指标体系,并借助GIS的空间分析方法进行定量评价,最后以北京大兴区为例进行了案例分析研究。结果表明,基地与工矿企业距离、与居民地距离等潜在污染风险对基地适宜性限制大,且不同评价主体下建立不同指标体系使评价更具针对性,利用GIS功能可提高效率,评价结果可视化程度好,具有很强的     

基于ArcEngine的水污染突发事件水力应急调度管理信息系统的研究与实现

针对江河流域水污染突发状况,采用GIS工具与数据库相结合的方式,模拟水污染突发状况的范围,为应急预案提供直观、科学的理论依据。系统将空间数据、属性数据与集成项目管理结合起来,使水环境监测、污染源检索、排污口定位等功能可视化、系统化、标准化,提高了模块的实用性。     

北京市南水北调受水区垃圾场地下水污染预测

根据南水北调供水方案,南水北调进京10年后,受水区内垃圾场将会被地下水浸泡,如不采取防治措施,会对含水层水质造成严重污染。以北京西郊为研究区,利用Visual Modflow软件中的MODFLOW模块和MT3DMS模块分别建立了地下水水流模型和溶质运移模型,对研究区内污染物运移规律进行预测。预测结果表明,10a后氯离子(Cl-)、硝酸盐氮(NO2-3)和总硬度(THD)3种离子的最高浓度和被污染的面积均增大,预测结果可作为调整地下水开采与调蓄方案和垃圾场防渗规划设计的依据。     

Defining the validity of a biochemical index of soil quality

 The native soils of Galicia (NW Spain) exhibit a biochemical equilibrium such that total soil N is a function of five biochemical and microbiological parameters: microbial biomass C, mineralized N, phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activities. To investigate whether the ratio of the total N calculated from biochemical soil properties (Nc) and the total N as measured by the Kjeldahl method (Nk; Nc/Nk) can be used as an index of soil quality, we determined these variables and consequently the ratio in three kinds of disturbed soils: an artificially Cu-contaminated soil, two lignite mine soils, and a number of arable soils. In none of the studied soils did the individual biochemical parameters respond consistently to the factors influencing soil quality, but in all cases soil degradation was reflected by the Nc/Nk value, which differed more or less markedly from 100%. Nc/Nk can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of soil degradation, since it distinguishes among biochemically balanced soils, soils in a transient state of high microbiological and biochemical activity and degraded soils. It can also serve as a reliable basis for the rapid calculation of the "ecological dose" (ED₅₀) of soil pollutants. The use of Nc/Nk as an objective index of the biochemical quality of soils is recommended. Received: 20 December 1998     

Practice to avoid contamination of drainflow and runoff from slurry spreading in spring

Abstract. Use of either three or six occasions to spread similar total amounts of slurry was investigated over the late winter/early spring period in two years, on plots with underdrainage. Slurry was spread on four 7 m by 25 m plots which were instrumented to allow collection of drainflow and runoff. The 'mobile water' pore space allowed transport of a small proportion of applied slurry through the 0.75 m soil profile. Evidence of a polluted 'mobile water' pulse occurred after periods of up to 48 hours following spreading, suggesting subsurface rather than overland flow. Timing of the pulse depended on whether subsequent rainfall accelerated the flow The contaminated flow persisted for 6–12 hours. The worst contamination of 39 mg/l NH₄⁺ -N occurred under 'bypass flow' conditions, when 52 mm of rain fell during the 48 hours after a 5.2 mm application. Two contributory factors appeared important. The first was the long duration of the high intensity storm and the second was an extended period of severe frost believed to have created fissures associated with frost heave. Making several applications of slurry in amounts less than 35 m³/ha is preferable to fewer larger applications during spring, for cereals on medium to heavy soils. This recognises the likelihood of there being underdrainage on arable land and the optimal use of well-drained, partially frozen ground to avoid compaction by slurry tankers.