Measuring copepod abundance in deep‐water winter habitats in the NE Norwegian Sea: intercomparison of results from laser optical plankton counter and multinet

The main purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the laser optical plankton counter (LOPC) as a Calanus finmarchicus monitoring tool in the NE Norwegian Sea in winter. To test this, a multinet and an LOPC were used simultaneously to sample overwintering copepods in the Lofoten basin in January 2007. Additional data from an LOPC laboratory experiment were also analyzed to help the interpretation of the field data. Both the laboratory data and the field data indicated that the presence of particles other than zooplankton generally contaminated the zooplankton signal in the LOPC data. However, reliable abundance estimates could be made from the LOPC data by choosing an appropriate size range in the LOPC size distribution. This size range was determined by comparing LOPC abundance estimates from systematically varying size ranges to multinet zooplankton abundance data. The average difference was smallest for a size range of about 900–1500 μm. As C. finmarchicus, stages IV and V, was by far the most abundant species in the NE Norwegian Sea, abundance estimates from the LOPC in this size range were in practice estimates of C. finmarchicus abundance, making the LOPC suitable as a tool for providing high resolution winter data in the NE Norwegian Sea.     

Initial influence of fertilizer nitrogen types on water quality

Using different sources of nitrogen as fertilizers in nursery ponds may affect water quality and plankton responses. We evaluated water quality variables and plankton population responses when using different nitrogen sources for catfish nursery pond fertilization. We compared calcium nitrate (12% N), sodium nitrite (20% N), ammonium chloride (26% N), ammonium nitrate (34% N) and urea (45% N) in 190‐L microcosms at equimolar nitrogen application rates. Sodium nitrite‐fertilized microcosms had higher nitrite and nitrate levels during the first week; no other differences in the water quality were detected among fertilizer types (P>0.05). No differences in green algae, diatoms or cyanobacteria were detected among treatments; desirable zooplankton for catfish culture was increased in urea‐fertilized microcosms. Based on these results, any form of nitrogen used for pond fertilization should perform similarly without causing substantial water quality deterioration. Ammonium nitrate and urea contain a higher percentage of nitrogen, requiring less volume to achieve dosing levels. If both urea and ammonium nitrate are available, we recommend using the one with the least cost per unit of nitrogen. If both types of fertilizer have an equal cost per unit of nitrogen, we recommend using urea because of the potential advantage of increasing desirable zooplankton concentrations.     

高密度黄颡鱼—鳙养殖池塘浮游生物种群与理化因子的变化研究

以高密度的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)-鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分隔养殖池塘为研究对象,分析养殖期间(2013年4月—10月)池塘浮游生物和水体理化因子的变化情况。结果显示,池塘水体温度、p H、DO和总氮指标在养殖期间存在显著差异(P0.01)。Duncan's多重比较显示,温度在6—8月显著高于其他时间(P0.05);总氮在7—9月的含量显著升高(P0.05);氨氮和亚硝态氮在8—10月的含量明显升高(P0.05)。池塘浮游生物的变化表现为:枝角类和桡足类物种数随养殖时间的延长而逐渐减少,其中秀体溞属(Diaphanosoma)占优势;轮虫物种数呈上升趋势,其中臂尾轮虫属(Brachionus)占优势;原生动物物种数在各月份之间差异不明显,以球吸管虫属(Sphaerophrya)为优势种;藻类物种数呈先上升再下降的趋势,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)种类占优势,其次为裸藻门(Euglenophyta)种类。基于Dice相似系数的UPGMA聚类和Pearson相关系数的MDS排序均显示池塘水体中浮游生物群落在整个养殖期间可分为2大类,4、5、6、7月各样本聚在一起,8、9、10月各样本聚在一起,表现为前4个月(4—7月)相似性高,而后3个月(8—10月)相似性高;说明池塘浮游生物的群落结构随养殖时间延续发生了改变。     

圆明园九州景区水环境特征及浮游生物、水生大型植物研究

2009年8月对圆明园九州景区水体理化指标、浮游生物密度、生物量、种类组成及生物多样性、大型水生植物种类组成进行了调查,提出了水治理的途径,旨在为圆明园九州景区的水环境治理提供基础数据。     

刺参养殖池塘不同粒级浮游生物呼吸率和初级生产率的研究

于2008年1—6月对大连壹桥海洋苗业股份有限公司4个刺参Apostichopus japonicus养殖池塘不同粒级浮游生物的呼吸率和初级生产率进行了测定。结果表明:(1)小型、微型及超微型浮游生物的呼吸率平均值分别为0.31、0.63、0.80 mg/(L.d)(以O2计,下同),分别占各粒级浮游生物总呼吸率的17.88%、36.10%和46.02%;小型、微型及超微型浮游植物生产率平均值分别为0.27、0.59、0.64mg/(L.d),占各粒级浮游植物总生产率的18.18%、38.98%和42.84%;小型、微型及超微型浮游生物呼吸率占相应粒级浮游植物生产率的比例分别为113.90%、107.24%、124.39%。(2)>200μm、20~200μm、2~20μm和<2μm的4个粒级浮游植物叶绿素a含量的平均值分别为0.75、0.65、3.08、1.26μg/L,分别占总叶绿素a含量的13.15%、11.30%、53.63%和21.92%。     

Natural Food Selectivity Changes with Weights of Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), Reared in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

This work was carried out to study the relationship between fish weight and natural food selectivity of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) reared in earthen ponds without supplementary diet and to guide the adaptation of feeding and fertilization strategies. Fish were stocked (1.5 fish/m²) in four fertilized earthen ponds (0.1 ha) for 6 months. Fifty fish were sampled monthly to estimate individual total weight and length and evaluate stomach contents. Fish specimens were categorized into different weight classes: <25 g, 25–50 g, 50–75 g, 75–100 g, and 100–125 g. Overall, the 50–75 g weight class had the highest degree of stomach fullness. The intestinal length-fish length ratio was similar across all fish weights, ranging from 2.9–3.4. Likewise, the composition of food items found in fish stomach was ranked as phytoplankton > detritus > zooplankton. Phytoplankton contribution to gut content increased with increasing fish weight, while detritus and zooplankton contribution decreased. Zooplankton never exceeded 1% of total stomach contents. Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae mostly represented the phytoplankton. Bacillariophyceae dominated the phytoplanktonic portion of stomach contents at small fish size (<75 g/fish), while Chlorophyceae is the dominant group at large fish size (> 75 g/fish). Fish could select Cyanobacteria and Euglenophyceae at all fish weights, meanwhile Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were eaten with slight selectivity at larger weights..     

应用DGGE技术研究扇贝养殖海域微型真核浮游生物多样性

为了研究扇贝养殖海区微型真核浮游生物群落多样性,明确养殖扇贝发病时期高丰度微型真核浮游生物种类,探讨微型真核浮游生物与栉孔扇贝急性病毒性坏死病毒(acute viral necrosis virus,AVNV)水平传播的可能关系。于2009年和2010年从青岛流清河湾扇贝养殖海区采集了9个月份的海水样品,经25和3 μm的滤膜过滤收集海水中3~25 μm的浮游生物,扩增18S rDNA可变区序列,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gelelectrophoresis,DGGE)技术对扩增序列进行分离以分析微型真核浮游生物多样性。结果表明,该养殖海区微型真核生物包括甲藻、纤毛虫、眼虫、定鞭藻、硅藻、盘蜷虫、隐藻、领鞭毛虫、变形虫和Cercozoan,其中甲藻类和纤毛类生物的最高相对丰度分别达41.0%和38.2%,是海区的优势种类。各月份DGGE谱带聚类分析结果表明,2009年6、7、8、9月份浮游生物群落组成较为相似。中肋骨条藻在扇贝发病前后均有分布。结合相关扇贝AVNV已有的研究结果,研究认为中肋骨条藻是AVNV水平传播的参与者之一,但海区中广泛分布的甲藻和纤毛虫与AVNV传播的关系还有必要进一步研究。     

Effects of introducing ducks into fish ponds on water quality, natural productivity and fish production together with the economic evaluation of the integrated and non-integrated systems

Raising ducks on fish ponds (fish-duck culture) on a commercial scale is a new practice in Egypt, therefore, a study was undertaken to evaluate this practice from production, carcass composition and economic viewpoints.Five earthern ponds were used in the non-integrated system (no ducks) whereas four earthen ponds, in which each pond was supplied with 125 Pecking ducks per 0.42 ha, were used for the Integrated system. In both systems, each pond was stocked with four species of fish (common carp Cyprinus carpio, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Grey mullet Mugil cephalus and tilapias Oreochromis niloticusand O. aureus) at the same densities.There were no differences in temperature or pH in any of the ponds but dissolved oxygen levels were lower in integrated ponds concomitant with increasing levels of ammonia, phosphate and nitrate. Water in integrated ponds was richer in natural productivity (phytoplankton and zooplankton) either in species or density when compared with those variables in non-integrated ponds.Fish species reared in integrated ponds exhibited better body weight, food conversion and protein efficiency ratios compared with those of fish species in the non-integrated ponds. Fish yield per 0.42 ha produced from the integrated ponds was significantly higher than that obtained from non-integrated ones. Also, body composition of fish species was affected by the type of farming. Carcass crude protein of grey mullet, silver carp and tilapia was improved in the integrated system. The data on return on sales, return on costs, return on equity, pay-back period and break-even point showed that the integrated system was more profitable than the non-integrated system.     

赛里木湖饵料生物及渔业现状的研究

赛里木湖为高山冷水型封闭湖,面积453km^2,年平均水温7度,1997年,透明度13m,离子总量2967mg/l,水化学型为SⅡ^Mg,浮游植物平均0．436mg/l,以硅藻和蓝藻为主;浮游动物平均为0．3225mg/l,以西藏拟蚤和镖水蚤为主;初级生产力为2．65Kg鱼／亩．年,自1968年引入新疆土著鱼类以来,至今未形成商业产量,1996年试引虹鳟,生长速度较佳,为开发该湖丰富的冷水资源,建议移植冷水性浮游生物食性的鱼类,改变引种结构,达到商业开发目的。