鸡白细胞介素15的研究进展

白细胞介素 1 5(IL -1 5)是 1 994年发现的一种能促进细胞生长和分化的细胞因子 ,主要由天然免疫细胞产生。鸡 IL-1 5是一种新发现的且与 IL-2活性相似的细胞因子 ,它作为疫苗佐剂研究的重要候选细胞因子有巨大潜力。文章主要围绕鸡 IL-1 5的发现、基因及蛋白结构、受体及生物学特性等作了综述。     

固态发酵菜籽粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究用固态发酵菜籽粕替代部分豆粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡180羽,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(豆粕对照组)以及用未发酵菜籽粕(菜籽粕组)或固态发酵菜籽粕(发酵菜籽粕组)等氮替代基础饲粮中25％豆粕的饲粮.试验期6周.结果表明:发酵菜籽粕组较菜籽粕组可显著提高肉仔鸡全期的平均日增重(P＜0.05),而发酵菜籽粕组肉仔鸡平均日增重比豆粕对照组稍高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).21日龄时,与豆粕对照组相比,发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数、胸腺指数及十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05);42日龄时,菜籽粕组较豆粕对照组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数(P＜0.05),发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05).由此可见,固态发酵菜籽粕等氮替代基础饲粮中25％的豆粕具有提高肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和肠道消化酶活性的作用.     

正交试验优选酸水法提取黄连中小檗碱的工艺及其抑菌活性的研究

采用正交试验设计,采用酸水法提取黄连中小檗碱,并测定提取的小檗碱对八株大肠埃希氏杆菌的体外最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果表明,最佳正交提取工艺为C3B3A1,即硫酸浓度0.2%、冷浸72h、用15%NaCl盐析,提取物对八株致病性大肠杆菌的MIC为0.50mg/mL-1.5mg/mL。提取的小檗碱对致病性大肠杆菌具有较好的抑菌作用。     

In vitro dose–response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora

In vitro simulations of the gastric and small intestinal fermentation with varying doses of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and binary combinations thereof were carried out to calculate dose–response equations for the antimicrobial effect against the main pig gut flora components. Interaction effects were evaluated following the isobole method. In gastric simulations eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde showed clearly less inhibitory activity towards lactobacilli than carvacrol and thymol, which could also be observed in the small intestinal simulations. The minimum concentration for carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde in small intestinal simulations to reduce the number of total anaerobic bacteria compared to control with a probability of 99.7% was 255, 258, 223 and 56 mg/l respectively. This strong activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde was due to its effect against coliform bacteria; a dose of 104 mg/l gave a reduction of 1 log CFU/ml vs. 371, 400 and 565 mg/l for carvacrol, thymol and eugenol respectively. Few combinations demonstrated synergism; most mixtures showed zero interaction or antagonism. Only carvacrol + thymol was slightly synergistic.     

鸡传染性贫血免疫对肝微粒体抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的是观察鸡传染性贫血多次免疫对肝微粒体中抗氧化酶活性的影响.对20只SPF鸡随机分为2组,每组10只,免疫组鸡用鸡传染性贫血弱毒苗免疫4次,每次间隔2周,对照组鸡注射同剂量的生理盐水.最后一次免疫后10d取肝脏制备微粒体,利用测试盒测定肝微粒体中的GSH-Px活性、SOD活性、CAT活性和MDA含量.结果与对照组相比,免疫组肝微粒体中GSH Px活性、SOD活性和CAT活性都显著提高(P＜0.05),MDA含量显著减低(P＜0.05).结论为鸡传染性贫血多次免疫可提高鸡体抗氧化能力.     

玉米‖花生茬口对冬小麦旗叶光化学活性的影响

为探明玉米‖花生茬口显著提高冬小麦旗叶的光合速率和产量的光反应机理,研究了玉米‖花生茬口(间作茬口,ICR)、玉米茬口(MCR)和花生茬口(PCR)及不同施磷水平对冬小麦播前土壤含水量、冬小麦花后旗叶的气体交换参数、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)、光系统I(PSⅠ)及二者间的性能协调性的影响。结果表明,间作茬口较玉米茬口显著提高了冬小麦播前土壤含水量及旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和PSⅡ反应中心供(Wk)/受体侧(Vj)的活性,增强了单位面积吸收的光能(ABS/CSo)、捕获的能量(TRo/CSo)和进入电子传递的光能(ETo/CSo)。间作茬口较玉米茬口显著提高了冬小麦扬花期旗叶PSⅡ初级光化学最大量子产额(φpo)、转化效率(Ψo)、电子传递效率(δRo)及乳熟期的PSⅠ的性能(ΔI/Io)、PSⅡ与PSⅠ协调性(ΦPSⅠ/PSⅡ)和籽粒产量,较花生茬口显著提高了乳熟期的φpo和δRo值。施磷提高了Pn、ABS/CSo、TRo/CSo、ETo/CSo、φpo、Ψo、δRo、ΔI/Io和ΦPSⅠ/PSⅡ值。这说明间作茬口较玉米茬口提高了冬小麦旗叶光反应中心活性,从而提高净光合速率,重要原因可能是间作茬口能保持耕层较高的土壤含水量。     

生防细菌复配对苹果主要病原真菌抑菌活性筛选及其稳定性

采用生长速率法测定4种生防细菌及其复配对5种苹果主要病原菌的抑制效果,并将筛选出的最佳复配生防细菌发酵液进行稳定性测定。结果表明,单一生防细菌发酵液中多粘类芽孢杆菌FS-1206对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌效果最好,为78.19%;当多粘类芽孢杆菌FS-1206与解淀粉芽孢杆菌TS-1203复配比例为2∶1时,其对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌率高达86.64%,抑菌效果显著优于单一生防细菌发酵液。稳定性测定结果表明,复配生防细菌(FS-1206∶TS-1203=2∶1)发酵液在紫外照射、高温和强酸强碱环境条件下,其抑菌活性均具有良好的稳定性。     

连作障碍发生机制研究进展

目的研究不同前作对土壤生物化学性质的影响。方法利用化学和酶学分析及16S多样性测序技术,分析种植7年的不同前作[荞麦(FB)、油菜(FR)、小麦(FW)和绿肥(FG)]烟田土壤的养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构组成。结果(1) FR烟田土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为30.04 g/kg、1.62 g/kg、143.50 mg/kg和88.09 mg/kg,FG烟田次之,但FG烟田速效钾的含量最高(240.10 mg/kg);FG烟田土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶的活性最高,分别为709.02 μg/(g·d)(酪氨酸)和306.60 μg/(g·h)(对硝基酚),而其脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性仅低于FW烟田,且无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)在细菌群落组成上,FB、FG、FW和FR烟田分别检测出770、670、654和597属,归属于Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria等36门,其中Actionbacteria和Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,分别为26.87%~45.21%和25.82%~30.69%,Treptomyces、Bradyrhizobium、Bacillus和Mycobacterium等拮抗菌和Bradyrhizobium、Rhizobium和Paenibacillus等固氮菌在FB烟田土壤细菌群落的相对丰度最高。结论不同前作对烟田土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响不同,绿肥提高了土壤有机质和养分含量以及酶活性;而荞麦改善和提高了烟田土壤细菌种群结构和多样性。     

Long-term fertilization effects on active ammonia oxidizers in an acidic upland soil in China

The effects of long-term fertilization of acidic soils on ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) communities and its ecological implications remain poorly understood. We chose an acidic upland soil site under long-term (27-year) fertilization to investigate ammonia oxidizer communities under four different regimes: mineral N fertilizer (N), mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), organic manure (OM) and an unfertilized control (CK). Soil net nitrification rates were significantly higher in OM soils than in CK, N or NPK soils. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of amoA genes by DNA-based stable isotope probing revealed that AOA dominate in CK, N and NPK soils, while AOB dominate in OM soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analyses of amoA genes revealed that Group 1.1a-associated AOA (also referred to as Nitrosotalea) were the most dominant active AOA population (>92%), while Nitrosospira Cluster 3 and Cluster 9 were predominant among active AOB communities. The functional diversity of active ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils is affected by long-term fertilization practices, and the responses of active ammonia oxidizers to mineral fertilizer and organic manure are clearly different. Our results provide strong evidence that AOA are more highly adapted to growth at low pH and low substrate availability than AOB, and they suggest that the niche differentiation and metabolic diversity of ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils are more complex than previously thought.     

广西5种人工林地土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性分析

为当地珍贵速生树种人工林的发展及合理利用提供理论依据。分析广西5种珍贵树种人工林土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性差异,以相同立地条件下12年生的黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)、老排(Mytilaria laosensis)、红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)、黧蒴椎(Castanopsis fissa)和火力楠(Michelia macelurei)人工纯林为研究对象,采用稀释平板涂布法和土壤酶活性测定法,测定和分析该5种人工林地土壤微生物数量及酶活性。结果表明:5种林地的土壤微生物总数和细菌数量大小均为:火力楠黧蒴锥红椎黑木相思米老排。但5种林地的土壤酶活性大小不一,蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶活性在5种林地之间的差异极其显著,而过氧化氢酶活性不显著。5种林地中土壤酶活性相对较强的是米老排人工林,较弱的是黑木相思林和火力楠林。土壤酶活性与微生物数量的相关分析表明,土壤中蔗糖酶活性与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系,其余相关性没有达到显著水平。