Feed intake,digestibility, nitrogen utilization,ruminal condition and blood metabolites in wethers fed ground bamboo pellets cultured with white‐rot fungus (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and mixed with soybean curd residue and soy sauce cake

Three types of bamboo pellets as a ruminant feed: P1 (ground bamboo (GB) cultured with the fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CGB) : soybean curd residue (T) : soy sauce cake (S) in a 5:4:1 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis); P2 (GB : T : S = 5:4:1 on a DM basis); and P3 (CGB : T : S = 5.5:0.8:3.7 on a DM basis) were prepared. Four wethers were assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the applicability of the bamboo pellets. The experimental treatments were C (control): fed alfalfa hay cubes (AC) only, and T1, T2 and T3: fed P1, P2, and P3 with AC by 1:1 on a DM basis, respectively. The digestibility of the DM, organic matter and acid detergent fiber of P1 were significantly higher than those of P2 and P3 (P < 0.05). The total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents of AC, P1, P2 and P3 were 56.5%, 60.2%, 53.2% and 47.0%, respectively. No significant differences in nitrogen retention or ruminal pH and NH₃ were observed among the treatment groups. The results indicate that bamboo pellets cultured with C. subvermispora and mainly mixed with soybean curd residue improved nutritional quality of ground bamboo because of its high digestibility and TDN content.     

食品药品安全存在的问题分析与对策

食品药品安全与广大人民群众的日常生活息息相关,其不仅会直接影响人们的身体健康,还会危及人们的生命安全,目前已成为人们关注的热点问题。对当前我国出现的食品药品安全问题的特点、现状进行了分析,并从强化对食品药品源头污染的治理,加强食品药品安全管理工作的领导,完善法制、联合执法,加强行业自律、充分发挥行业协会的积极作用,加强舆论监督,提高食品药品安全意识几个方面提出了解决问题的对策。     

关于黑龙江省森林食品资源开发利用的思考

通过对黑龙江省森林食品资源及产业现状的优势分析,提出了森林食品产业发展的措施及建议,以期为促进森林食品资源的合理开发利用,调整森林食品产业结构,增加林区经济收入提供参考。     

Analysis of the risk of introduction and spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through importation of raw pigmeat into New Zealand

AIMS: To determine the frequency with which porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSv) would become established in a non-commercial pig herd in New Zealand due to illegal feeding of uncooked food waste containing virus-contaminated pigmeat. To determine the likelihood of a single incursion resulting in a multi-farm outbreak of the disease, and describe the spatio-temporal characteristics of such an outbreak.

METHODS: A Monte Carlo simulation model was constructed to determine the expected annual frequency of PRRSv infection being initiated in a non-commercial pig herd as a result of inadvertent feeding of pigmeat imported from countries endemically infected with the disease. Once the likelihood of PRRSv becoming established in a single pig herd was determined, stochastic spatially explicit infectious disease modelling software was utilised to model the temporal and spatial characteristics of the resulting epidemic.

RESULTS: Assuming the proportion of imported pigmeat remained at current levels, consumption patterns of pigmeat in households in New Zealand remained steady, and limited compliance with recently reintroduced regulations to prevent feeding of uncooked food waste, at least 4.3 pig herds per year were predicted to become infected with PRRSv. Simulation modelling of PRRSv epidemics related to initial infection of a non-commercial farm produced an estimate that 36% of these incursions would spread from the initial herd, and that these outbreaks would involve 93 herds on average in the first year. By increasing the estimated persistence of PRRSv infection in small herds, an average of 205 herds became infected in the first year.

CONCLUSIONS: Given a mean of 4.3 infected premises per year and a 36% probability of infection spreading beyond the initial infected herd, there was a 95% likelihood of a multi-farm PRRS outbreak occurring within 3 years.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Introduction of PRRSv through importation of virus-contaminated pigmeat presents a high risk for establishment of the disease in the pig industry in New Zealand.     

Sow performance and maternal behaviour in organic and conventional herds

Abstract

The study evaluates the first three parities of 144 Swedish Landrace×Yorkshire sows from three certified organic and three conventional commercial piglet-producing herds. Sows and litters were weaned at seven and five weeks post partum (pp) in organic and conventional herds, respectively. Herdsmen judged sow behaviour and maternal ability at farrowing, two weeks pp and at weaning. Herdsmen collected registrations of litter size, litter weight and sow fat status at farrowing and at weaning. Piglet mortality and oestrous signs were registered continuously during the nursing period. Sows in organic herds were scored to be more cautious among piglets, and to have better nursing behaviour and maternal ability in early lactation than sows in conventional herds. Piglet mortality was higher in organic than in conventional herds. Oestrus during lactation was only observed among sows in organic herds, and sows showing oestrus during lactation were fatter at weaning.     

培育大学生就业能力途径探析

指出了大学生就业问题日益成为社会关注的热点和难点问题,培育大学生就业能力具有重要的价值意义,采用要素分析的方法全面解析了大学生就业能力的内涵及影响因素,进而从个人、学校、社会三个层面提出了培育大学生的就业能力应采取的措施。     

茶菜、茶点心在旅游文化中的应用

本文从茶菜、茶点心的历史文化背景出发,结合目前餐饮、茶楼的经营现状与茶菜、茶点心的保健作用,融合地方特色与文化元素,倡导茶宴、茶菜、茶点心在旅游文化中的应用。引领消费新潮流,使之成为一道新的旅游文化风情线。     

Combining Ability in the Rice Lines Selected for Direct-Seeding in Flooded Paddy Field

Summary

To estimate the general and specific combining ability for direct seeding in flooded paddy field, we completed a 4 × 3 factorial crossing (design II) in 1998, and evaluated the 12 F¹ hybrids and their 7 parents, including selected lines for yield, yield components and culm traits in 1999. Generally, parents with good combining ability produce good lines in later generations. Therefore, the basic information about the general combining ability (GGA) and specific combining ability (SGA) is valuable for breeding cultivars. The effect of GGA was significant for culm length, culm thickness, panicle length, 1000-grain weight and grain yield, which indicated the importance of the additive effects of the genes for these traits. The effects of dominant genes were significant for culm length, culm thickness and grain yield, indicating that these traits were also controlled by nonadditive gene actions. Mid-parent heterosis ranged from -16.3% to 37% with an average value of 17.3% for grain yield, and from -1.7% to 30.0% with an average value of 13% for culm length, and from -6.1% to 23.9% with an average value of 4.2% for culm thickness. Some parents with positive GCA for yield, culm thickness and panicle length were identified. They would be useful for developing cultivars adapted to direct-seeding in flooded paddy fields.     

Agroforestry Systems for Food and Nutrition Security–Potentials,Pathways and Policy Research Needs

SUMMARY

Food insecurity and malnutrition continue to be the most daunting development challenges in most developing countries. Increases in the productivity of cereal grain crops have helped many developing countries achieve self-sufficiency in meeting the energy requirements, but malnutrition still exist. Agroforestry–growing useful tree crops with annual crops–could provide a solution to food security micronutrient malnutrition. The paper develops a conceptual framework for identifying pathways of how agroforestry systems can contribute to nutrition security and its potential as a food-based nutrition intervention. Furthermore, a theoretical framework for studying the interactions of agroforestry and nutrition security is developed. Finally, policy implications and research needs are identified.