Development,Survival and Availability of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep and Pastures in a Semi-arid Area of Kajiado District of Kenya

A study was carried out on a ranch in the semi-arid area of Kajiado District in Kenya during the period July 2000 to June 2001 to determine the seasonal patterns of development and survival of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep on pastures. A series of plots were contaminated with sheep faeces every month and pasture samples were collected weekly for the recovery and identification of larvae. The availability of infective larvae on naturally contaminated pastures was also monitored on the paddocks grazed by sheep and around the night pen and the watering point every month from July 2000 to June 2001. The results from the examination of the pasture samples indicated that rainfall distribution was the major factor governing the development and survival of the pre-parasitic stages. No parasitic larvae were detected from the plots contaminated during the dry months from July to October 2000, but development and translocation of infective larvae on pastures occurred on plots contaminated during the rainy seasons and soon after when relatively high moisture was present in the herbage (November 2000 to June 2001). During this period, peak larval counts occurred between the first and the second week post contamination, then declined to undetectable levels between week 4 and 16 post contamination. The lack of development of infective larvae during the dry season and the relatively rapid decline of their population during the wet season presents an opportunity for the use of pasture spelling as a means of helminth control in the study area. The availability of infective larvae on naturally contaminated pastures, around the night pen and around the watering point also followed the rainfall distribution pattern. Infective larvae were consistently recovered around the watering point throughout the study period. This indicated that the point is an important source of infection for sheep, especially during the dry season when other pastures are non-infective.     

TSL-1 antigens of Trichinella: an overview of their potential role in parasite invasion, survival and serodiagnosis of trichinellosis

The majority of studies on the immunobiology of Trichinella species have centred on the larval muscular phase (L1) with a view to identifying immunodominant antigens located on the surface of the cuticle and in the larval secretions; the nucleus of the parasite-host interaction. These antigens have been classified as eight groups (TSL-1-TSL-8), of which those belonging to the group TSL-1 have been most intensely studied. The principal constituents are glycoproteins, glycan carriers that contain a unusual sugar, the tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-d-arabinohexose). Studies aimed at improving serodiagnostic techniques to detect trichinellosis indicate that these antigens are ideal candidates. They are capable of inducing a strong humoral response involving the generation of specific antibodies against beta-tyvelose, a sugar that seems to be exclusive to the Trichuroidea. Furthermore, these glycoproteins appear to fulfil an important function in the development and maintenance of the parasite in the muscular niche, and they appear to be fundamental for the invasion of the intestinal epithelium. It has also been demonstrated that specific monoclonal antibodies against tyvelose can mediate a degree of immunoprotection in the rat through the phenomenon known as rapid expulsion.     

利用性诱剂防治花生田暗黑鳃金龟的研究

为明确暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky)性诱剂对成虫的引诱效果及对幼虫虫口密度的降低作用,在全国主要花生产区开展了田间诱捕试验,调查诱捕成虫数、幼虫减退率及对花生的保果效果。结果表明:一台诱捕器一天内诱到的最大成虫数为977头;幼虫减退率最高可达78.8%,保果效果最高可达68.6%。表明暗黑鳃金龟性诱剂对成虫有很强的引诱效果,并能明显减轻幼虫为害。     

4种步甲属昆虫一龄幼虫形态学特征

采用Bousquet等创立的幼虫原生刚毛标记分类法对步甲属Carabus L.切鞘步甲亚属Apotomopterus Hope中的普通步甲南岭亚种Carabus(A.)sauteri nanlingensis Deuve et Tian、舜步甲南岭亚种C.(A.)shun floridus Cavazzutiet Ratti、石坑崆步甲C.(A.)shikengkong Deuve et Tian和阿氏步甲粤北亚种C.(A.)arrowi yubeicus Deuve et Tian的一龄幼虫形态特征进行了描述,并编制了这4种步甲一龄幼虫的分类检索表.     

鳞翅目昆虫幼虫取食抑制素味觉神经元及其感受模式的研究进展

综述了鳞翅目昆虫幼虫的取食抑制素味觉神经元及其感受模式的研究进展,为防治鳞翅目害虫提供参考。     

柞蚕微孢子虫侵染后柞蚕5龄雌雄个体血淋巴蛋白质含量和组成的变化及差异分析

以柞蚕5龄幼虫为材料添食柞蚕微孢子虫(Nosema pernyi,Np),通过测定与分析不同性别5龄幼虫血淋巴蛋白质含量和组成变化的差异,为探究柞蚕对柞蚕微孢子虫感染的免疫应答提供依据。感染柞蚕微孢子虫的不同性别柞蚕5龄幼虫的血淋巴蛋白质含量随蚕体发育进程出现不同的变化:雌性个体与雄性个体分别在添食Np后24 h与48 h,血淋巴蛋白质含量极显著增加(P<0.01),且持续至添食后96 h,其中雌性个体的血淋巴蛋白质含量又极显著高于雄性个体(P<0.01);在添食Np后120 h,雌、雄个体的血淋巴蛋白质含量与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。SDS-PAGE分析表明,添食Np后的柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴蛋白质组成与对照组基本一致,均显示出20条分子质量在20.1～97.2 kD的蛋白条带,其中雌、雄个体在添食后96 h,大小约44 kD的蛋白条带明显加深,大小约28 kD的蛋白条带雌性个体在添食后144 h、雄性个体在添食后120 h明显加深,且雄性个体在添食后120～168 h大小约42 kD的蛋白条带明显加深,但在添食后192 h与对照组无明显差异。研究结果说明Np侵染后,柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴蛋白质的含量及组成均产生了一定的变化,并且雌雄个体间的变化存在差异。     

不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响。选取 １日龄的黄羽肉仔鸡 ２５２只,随机分成 ７组,每组 ３个重复,每个重复 １２只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,其余 ６组饲喂分别用 ０．２％、０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽,０．２％、０．５％的家蝇幼虫酶解物,０．２％、０．５％的脱脂家蝇幼虫粉等量替代基础饲粮中鱼粉的试验饲粮。结果表明：１）添加家蝇幼虫肽有提高干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的可利用率的趋势（Ｐ＞０．０５）,且随着添加剂量的增加而提高;添加 ０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽可显著提高粗脂肪、钙、磷和粗灰分的可利用率（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）添加家蝇幼虫肽可显著提高试验第２周和第４周肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,显著降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）添加家蝇幼虫肽可显著降低试验第 ２周血清谷丙转氨酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）和显著提高血清总蛋白含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且以０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽组效果最优。在饲粮中添加不同家蝇幼虫制品均能显著降低黄羽肉仔鸡血清尿素氮含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此得出,家蝇幼虫肽具有改善黄羽肉仔鸡肠道菌群、提高营养物质可利用率的作用,且以 ０．５％的添加量效果较好。     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.     

黑腹胃蝇三龄幼虫形态学和成虫行为方式研究

2008―2010年,对寄生于新疆卡拉麦里与普氏野马同域生活的家马体内的黑腹胃蝇(Gasterophilus pecorum)进行了实验室培养和野外行为观察。将收集到的920只3龄幼虫进行室内培养,结果成功化蛹35个(3.80%),化蛹期为13～27 d,巅峰期为18～20 d(42.86%);17个(48.57%)个体羽化,羽化期为15～27 d,巅峰期为21～22 d(22.86%)。在这些羽化的成蝇当中雄性占11.76%,雌性占88.24%,雄雌比为0.13;其存活期为2～8 d,较大存活率发生在第4-6天(58.82%)。3龄幼虫体长（13.2±7.0） mm,体宽（5.1±4.0） mm,体质量（241±30） mg。相关性分析表明,幼虫的体长、体宽和体质量与成蝇的性别无相关性。交尾行为没有在野外或者靠近的马体的周围环境中发现,羽化初期有梳理和寻求寄主行为。黑腹胃蝇的卵在马的体表和植物茎叶上也均未发现。     

苜蓿籽蜂越冬虫态对温度的敏感性

本研究将当年收获的苜蓿（Medicago sativa）种子储存于4个温度条件下,采用定期剖种的方法,调查苜蓿籽蜂（Bruchophagus roddi）的越冬虫态及其存活情况。结果表明,苜蓿籽蜂主要以3龄幼虫在苜蓿种子内滞育越冬。10月从田间将苜蓿种子收回,储存温度在18.0 ℃、平均湿度为27.2%（10―12月）时,越冬幼虫于当年12月下旬开始化蛹;储存温度在9.9 ℃,平均湿度为40.1%（10月―次年2月）时,越冬幼虫于次年2月下旬开始化蛹。不同温度和不同时间梯度处理苜蓿种子结果表明,在50 ℃、-30 ℃条件下处理1 d,籽蜂幼虫的死亡率均达100%,苜蓿种子的发芽率分别为93.33%和88.33%。