中国远洋鱿钓渔业国际竞争力分析

中国在国际远洋渔业的作用愈发重要，研究中国远洋渔业的国际竞争力，有利于中国远洋渔业的可持续发展。以鱿钓渔业为例，采用赫芬达尔指数和CMS模型，分析我国远洋鱿钓渔业产品的贸易结构和相关主要影响因素。结果表明，我国远洋鱿钓渔业产品的出口市场稳定，能适应国际市场产品结构调整与变动，但也存在进口市场不均衡，外部市场需求依赖性强并呈现下降趋势，产品竞争力不足的问题。为此，从优化市场结构、建立信息平台、盘活资源禀赋三个方面提出改善我国远洋鱿钓渔业发展的建议，以提高中国远洋渔业的国际竞争力。     

《南印度洋渔业协定》管理措施的新进展及我国的应对策略

印度洋海域是世界渔业的主要作业渔场之一。为管理和养护南印度洋渔业资源,自《南印度洋渔业协定（the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement,SIOFA）》生效以来,该组织颁布了16项渔业管理措施,并持续更新。目前,我国鲜有文章对其进行研究。为稳定和拓展我国在南印度洋上的渔业空间,保障我国远洋渔业的权益,密切跟踪南印度洋渔业组织的最新管理动态和履约要求,阐述了组织构架、最新管理措施对我国的影响、目前协定区域的渔情渔况及资源评估状况,为我国适时加入该组织提供参考。研究结果表明,在2019年7月第六次缔约方大会上,SIOFA修订了临时管理底层渔业的养护管理措施,数据收集、报送、验证和交换标准,捕鱼授权和通知养护管理措施,渔业监控养护管理措施4项养护管理措施。新增有关公海登检(high seas boarding and inspection procedures)、降低海鸟兼捕量(the mitigation of seabird bycatch)、底层鲨鱼(management of sharks)、底层鱼种管理(management of demersal stocks)与修正保护区和生态系统工作组工作职责(amendment terms of reference for the PAEWG or new CMM)的5项新养护管理措施。截至目前,该组织设立了Atlantis bank、Coral feature、Fool’s flat feature、Middle of What feature、Walter’s Shoal feature 5个保护区,对金眼鲷(alfonsino)、胸棘鲷（orange roughy）和犬牙鱼（Patagonian toothfish)等底层鱼种初步进行了资源评估,其中,胸棘鲷评估结果为尚未过度捕捞,金眼鲷和犬牙鱼还未完成评估。该渔业组织的管理措施与我国相比较更严谨、更全面,我国作业渔船应当严格遵守该渔业组织的管理要求。目前,该组织还在不断完善相关养护和管理措施,尽早加入该组织才能有助于我国远洋渔业持续、健康、有序地发展,体现国际影响和负责任渔业国家形象。     

黄海北部仿刺参浮游幼体发生与附着习性的初步研究

于1997－1998年对黄海北部大长山岛自然海区仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）浮游幼体的发生与习性进行了研究。用浮游生物拖网在海上定期、定点进行刺参浮游幼体调查，发现浮游幼体出现时间为7月15日－9月31日，幼体高峰出现时间为8月1日，最大资源生物量为70只／m^3。通过检查不同水层刺参浮游幼体的附苗效果，发现3m水层的附苗量最多。另外，通过海上试验和室内试验还对刺参幼体对附着基材料的选择性进行了试验。结果表明，在常用的几种采苗附着基中，幼体对棕绳、聚乙烯网片选择性最好，其次为锚流网衣和波纹板，对贝壳和胶带选择性最差。     

Sudden change in long‐term ocean climate fluctuations corresponds with ecosystem alterations and reduced recruitment in Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus,Clupeidae)

Fish stocks vary in abundance. The causes behind the fluctuations may be difficult to determine, especially ones caused by natural fluctuations, but long‐term data series may provide indications of the mechanisms. Assessments show that the recruitment to the Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) has remained low since 2004, a year which produced the last really rich year‐class. Long time‐series of estimated recruitment and mean winter temperature in the ocean showed a significant positive correlation for the period 1921–2004. Here, we show that this positive correlation did not continue from 2005 onwards as the winter temperature increased to high levels while herring recruitment decreased and has remained low. The density of zooplankton in the drift route of the herring larvae dropped significantly after 2004, and their centre of gravity shifted northwards. There may currently be heavy predation on the larvae by Atlanic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Scombridae), and top‐down regulation is suggested to hamper successful recruitment. Our analysis indicates that the presence of food and overlap with high food concentrations are likely important regulators of survival in herring larvae. The findings may be important for future management and planning of fisheries of this stock because recruitment failure may continue if temperature remains high and food abundance remains low.     

Plasticity in vertical behaviour of migrating juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in relation to oceanography of the south Indian Ocean

Electronic tagging provides unprecedented information on the habitat use and behaviour of highly migratory marine predators, but few analyses have developed quantitative links between animal behaviour and their oceanographic context. In this paper we use archival tag data from juvenile southern bluefin tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii , SBT) to (i) develop a novel approach characterising the oceanographic habitats used throughout an annual migration cycle on the basis of water column structure (i.e., temperature-at-depth data from tags), and (ii) model how the vertical behaviour of SBT altered in relation to habitat type and other factors. Using this approach, we identified eight habitat types occupied by juvenile SBT between the southern margin of the subtropical gyre and the northern edge of the Subantarctic Front in the south Indian Ocean. Although a high degree of variability was evident both within and between fish, mixed-effect models identified consistent behavioural responses to habitat, lunar phase, migration status and diel period. Our results indicate SBT do not act to maintain preferred depth or temperature ranges, but rather show highly plastic behaviours in response to changes in their environment. This plasticity is discussed in terms of the potential proximate causes (physiological, ecological) and with reference to the challenges posed for habitat-based standardisation of fishery data used in stock assessments.     

Disentangling density‐dependent effects on egg production and survival from egg to recruitment in fish

Understanding of density‐dependent effects is key to achieving sustainable management of self‐regulating biological resources such as fish stocks. Traditionally, density‐dependent effects on population abundance in fish have been considered to occur from hatching to recruitment, based on the paradigm of proportionality between spawning stock biomass and total egg production. Here, we demonstrate how the existence of intraspecific and interspecific density dependence in egg production changes the current understanding of density‐dependent processes in the life history of fish, by disentangling density‐dependent effects on egg production and survival from egg to recruitment, using sardine (Sardinops melanostictus, Clupeidae) and anchovy (Engraulis japonicus, Engraulidae) as model species. For sardine, strong intraspecific density‐dependent effects occurred in egg production, but no density‐dependent effects occurred or if any they were weak enough to be masked by environmental factors from hatching to recruitment. In contrast, for anchovy, interspecific density‐dependent effects occurred in egg production. In the survival after hatching, anchovy experienced stronger intraspecific density‐dependent effects than currently recognized. This analysis could overturn the current understanding of density‐dependent effects in the life history, highlighting contrasts between the effects on individual quality and population abundance and between the model species. We propose to reconsider the basis of fisheries management and recruitment studies based on the revised understanding of density‐dependent effects in the life history of the respective species.     

Improved line weighting reduces seabird bycatch without affecting fish catch in the Brazilian pelagic longline fishery

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Spatio‐temporal management of fisheries to reduce by‐catch and increase fishing selectivity

Time/area closures have been widely used in fisheries management to prevent overfishing and the destruction of marine biodiversity. To a lesser degree, such spatio‐temporal management measures have been used to reduce by‐catch of finfish or protected species. However, as ecosystem‐based management approaches are employed and more fisheries are managed through multispecies, multiobjective models, the management of by‐catch will likely become increasingly important. The elimination of by‐catch has become a primary goal of the fishing policies of many countries. It is particularly relevant in the United States, as the deadline for setting annual catch limits (ACLs) in all fisheries passes in 2011. This will result in a dramatic expansion of the number of catch and by‐catch quotas. Such catch measures may result in the early closure of otherwise sustainable fisheries when by‐catch quotas are exceeded. To prevent such closures and the consequent economic hardship to fishers and the economy, it is imperative that managers be given the tools necessary to reduce by‐catch and improve fishing selectivity. Targeted spatio‐temporal fishery closures are one solution open to managers. Here, we examine how the spatio‐temporal and oceanographic characteristics of by‐catch may be used by managers to design fishery closures, and place these methods within a decision tree to assist managers to identify appropriate management measures. We argue that the current movement towards marine spatial planning (MSP) presents an important impetus to examine how we manage fisheries spatially, and we offer a first step towards the objective participation of fisheries in the MSP process.     

Biogeography of pelagic food webs in the North Pacific

The tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) is a generalist seabird that breeds throughout the North Pacific and eats more than 75 different prey species. Using puffins as samplers, we characterized the geographic variability in pelagic food webs across the subarctic North Pacific from the composition of ~10,000 tufted puffin meals (~56,000 prey items) collected at 35 colonies in the Gulf of Alaska (GoA) and Aleutian Archipelago. Cluster analysis of diet species composition suggested three distinct forage fish communities: (i) in the northern GoA, multiple age‐classes of coastal and shelf residents such as capelin, sand lance and herring dominated the food web, (ii) in the western GoA to eastern Aleutians, the shelf community was dominated by transient age‐0 walleye pollock, and (iii) in the western Aleutians, shelf‐edge and mesopelagic forage species such as squid, lanternfish, and Atka mackerel were prevalent. Geographic patterns of abundance of capelin and sand lance in tufted puffin diets were corroborated by independent research fisheries and diets of piscivorous fish, indicating that puffin diets reflect the local abundance of forage species, not just selection of favored species. Generalized additive models showed that habitat characteristics predict, in a non‐linear fashion, forage species distribution and abundance across two large marine ecosystems. We conclude that major biogeographic patterns in forage fish distribution follow gradients in key habitat features, and puffin diets reflect those patterns.     

闽南、台湾浅滩渔场单拖作业渔获物组成分析

根据2000~2001年单拖作业渔获物调查资料,着重对渔获物种类组成、个体大小进行分析。结果表明:闽南、台湾浅滩渔场单拖网作业渔获物品种繁多、个体小,优势种数量多、比重小,占周年总渔获量1%以上的品种有19种,鱼类、甲壳类、头足类渔获个体平均体重仅为11.4g/ind,周年中,5~6月个体最小,建议将该渔场单拖作业伏季休渔时间调整为5月1日至7月15日。