Evaluation of benthic nutrient fluxes and their importance in the pelagic nutrient cycles in Suo Nada,Japan

ABSTRACT:   The benthic nutrient fluxes in Suo Nada, in the western part of Seto Inland Sea, Japan were estimated seasonally in 2002, and their contribution to the pelagic nutrient cycle was evaluated. The horizontal distributions of inorganic phosphorus (DIP), ammonia and dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations in the pore water of the surface (0–3 cm) sediments were high in the western part, indicating a eutrophic condition relative to the other parts. Seasonally, the highest nutrient concentration in the pore water was observed in summer, as reflected by the increasing decomposition rate of organic matter. Multiple regression analyses revealed significant positive effects of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and temperature on the DIP flux and also significant positive effects of ignition loss (IL) along with these two parameters on the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux. Temperature, IL and redox potential (Eh) were effective on DSi. The estimated DIP, DIN and DSi fluxes from the sediments were relatively high or equivalent to the total inputs from rains and rivers in annual average, with high values in summer of 2–3-fold higher than the other sources (rain plus rivers). Thus, it is concluded that the benthic nutrient fluxes play an important role in the pelagic nutrient cycle of the Suo Nada ecosystem.     

Prey selectivity in planktivorous juvenile fishes associated with floating objects in the western Mediterranean

Aspects of the feeding ecology of planktivorous juvenile fishes were assessed by comparing stomach content samples from purse seine catches with food environment samples from vertical hauls of a WP-2 mesozooplankton net. Sampling was performed fortnightly over 2 years, around moored experimental floating objects and at open water control stations in oceanic Mediterranean waters. Species composition, abundance and seasonal occurrence of both potential prey (zooplankton) and predators (fish) were studied. Dietary composition was examined for six fish species, and prey selectivity was assessed by means of several selectivity indices: Ivlev's selectivity index, linear food selection index and forage ratio. A comparison of the results showed significant variations among indices, related to both the degree of selection and the relative abundance of the food type in the environment. Most fish caught were pelagic juveniles, and had fed on plankton; however, there was variability in diet composition and prey selectivity among species allowing their separation into generalists and specialists. The pilot fish Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus) was a specialist, preying upon neustonic hyperiid amphipods, whereas the three congeneric species of Trachurus: T. picturatus (Bowdich), T. trachurus (Linnaeus) and T. mediterraneus (Steinachner) fed on copepods and other planktonic crustaceans. The species studied appeared to partition food resources to minimize the overlap in use of a very specific habitat.     

近海捕捞鳀鱼的拖网渔船的船型优化论证

根据中国近海捕捞(鱼是)鱼拖网渔船的实际生产作业情况,对影响近海捕捞(鱼是)鱼拖网渔船船型的不确定因素和主要经济评价指标进行了分析,并运用PERT法、模拟退火法等寻优方法以及模糊综合评判、线性加权综合评判方法,对近海捕捞2鱼拖网渔船进行了单目标、多目标情况下的船型论证.     

海洋浮游虾类生物学研究进展

本文论述了海洋游虾类有关生物学问题的研究进展。(1)叙述了浮游虾类的产卵和幼体发育期。讨论了它们的繁殖方式和环境之间的关系。提出了虾类的繁殖朝着产较多较小的卵或较少较大的卵两个不同的方向发展,是以不同的繁殖方式达到相同的效果,即节省繁殖能量、适应环境和保存种族的观点。(2)讨论了蜕皮增长和蜕皮间隔期及其影响因子。叙述了某些虾类的生长速度、寿命和死亡。(3)叙述了浮游虾类的行为例如集群和昼夜垂直移动。讨论了引起昼夜垂直移动的主要外界因子。介绍了Omori的垂直移动分组。(4)叙述了海洋浮游虾类生物量的水平分布与垂直分布。(5)讨论了浮游虾类的食物关系。     

光诱鱿鱼浮拖网渔具渔法试验

首先对诱鱼光场进行计算，并分析其对光诱鱿鱼浮拖网作业的影响，据此合理配置了灯光强度及其布局，探讨了一套较有效的诱导渔方法。根据鱿鱼的趋光习性及浮拖网的特点，设计了适应在较深渔场作业的光诱浮拖网渔具，并成功地试验了光诱鱿鱼浮拖网柔性网板；取得了良好的社会生态效益和经济效益。     

Vulnerability of marine resources to small‐scale fishing in a tropical area: The example of Sunda Strait in Indonesia

Although small‐scale fisheries (SSF) play an important socio‐economic role in developing nations, overfishing seems to be increasing the risk of stock vulnerability. This study aims to quantify the pressure of SSF on fish stocks in Sunda Strait (Indonesia) using several biological indicators that are important in quantifying fishing pressure. Data on these indicators were collected monthly for three years (2012–2014) in one of the main fishing ports of the area. The results provide evidence that, although SSF would appear to be the most environmentally sustainable of all the fishing techniques being used today in the coastal waters of Indonesia, the impact of SSF fishing on juvenile fishes in certain areas such as the Sunda Strait must not be underestimated. The results also show the need to protect immature fish of species that are not only commercialised but are also important in subsistence fisheries. Although further studies are needed to assess the impact of SSF on fish stocks in the area, it is suggested management recommendations that include the implementation of marine‐protected areas in nursery grounds and establishing minimum landing sizes well above the size‐at‐maturity for each species, are needed.     

关于加快发展我国远洋渔业的战略思考

自1985年以来,在国家相关政策的有力支持下,我国远洋渔业不断发展,从小到大,从近海到远洋,规模不断扩大,不断增强,取得了显著的进步,并创造了可观的社会效益,成为发展中国家中远洋渔业发展最快和重要的远洋渔业国家之一.但仍存在着渔船及其渔业装备研发严重落后、捕捞船型偏小、老龄化严重、高端装备主要依赖进口、作业类型仍以拖网渔船为主等诸多问题,需要尽快改变这种现状.本文简要论述了我国远洋渔业的发展现状与问题,探讨了今后发展的战略思路,以期为有关部门提供决策参考.     

Environmental variability controls recruitment but with different drivers among spawning components in Gulf of St. Lawrence herring stocks

The factors affecting herring recruitment are still poorly understood, complicating the prediction of stock dynamics and the choice of operational management strategies. We investigated effects of intrinsic (SSB) and extrinsic factors (physical and biological environments, including competition and predation) on recruitment of the spring and fall spawning components of each of the two herring stocks occurring in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence between 1971 and 2014. Effects of potential explanatory factors on recruit (age 2) abundance were tested using Generalized Additive Models. Model fit was significantly improved by incorporating both physical and biological environmental variability, but effects of herring SSB and predation were not significant. Indices of zooplankton abundance and phenology explained more variance in recruitment than physical indices. Our results emphasize the dominance of bottom‐up processes over SSB in the regulation of herring recruitment. Environmental variability did not seem to act uniformly on the recruitment of either stock or their respective spawning components. A long‐term trend of decreasing recruitment in spring spawners was associated with a long‐term decline in abundance of cold water copepods. In fall spawners, optimal recruitment was dependent on warmer environmental conditions combined with an adequate supply (species composition and phenology) of zooplankton. These results provide the first empirical evidence that spring and fall spawning herring are adapted to contrasting environmental conditions and shed light on the potential mechanisms linking herring recruitment to key zooplankton community characteristics and phenology. Management strategies can be improved by incorporating this new knowledge on environmental drivers of herring recruitment.     

Method for estimating buoyancy of midwater float required to standardize hook depth in pelagic longline

ABSTRACT:   A midwater float is a small float attached to the mainline of pelagic longlines to standardize the hook depth. In this study theoretical equations are presented for estimating the buoyancy of the midwater float required to lift the joints of the midwater float line on the mainline to the target depth. Sea trials using full scale tuna longline gear with midwater floats were carried out in the Indian Ocean in December 2004 and 2005, in order to examine the validity of the theoretical equations. In the sea trials, two types of midwater float settings, single midwater float setting and double midwater float setting, were tested and compared with the conventional setting. As a result, the joints of the midwater float line on the mainline were successfully lifted to the target depth as expected, demonstrating the validity of the theoretical equation. The range of hook depths in the midwater float setting was less spread over depths than in the conventional setting, and therefore, use of long float lines (100 m) with the midwater float setting allows all hooks to avoid entering the sea turtle habitat of shallower than 100 m depth. Factors affecting shoaling of the longline with the midwater float are also discussed.