基于粒子群优化投影寻踪的玉米单产估测

为了提高玉米单产估测精度,以河北省中部平原为研究区域,以与玉米长势和产量密切相关的条件植被温度指数(vegetation temperature condition index,VTCI)和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)为遥感特征参数,通过投影寻踪法确定玉米主要生育时期VTCI和LAI的权重,进而构建基于县域尺度加权VTCI和LAI与玉米单产间的线性回归模型。结果表明,同时构建加权VTCI和LAI与玉米单产间的回归模型的精度最高,达到极显著水平(P0.001)。与变异系数法相比,基于投影寻踪法所建双参数回归模型的精度较高,研究区域各县(区)估测单产与实际单产的平均相对误差降低了0.88个百分点,均方根误差降低了50.56kg/hm2。通过投影寻踪法构建的双参数回归模型对研究区域玉米单产进行估测,结果表明研究区域玉米单产具有西部单产最高、北部和南部次之、东部最低的空间分布特征,以及在研究年份间玉米单产在波动中呈先下降后上升趋势的时间演变特征。     

不同乳化剂对姜黄素乳液理化稳定性的影响

姜黄素具有许多生物活性功能,但较差的溶解度和稳定性限制了其在食品和医药领域的应用。为筛选出具有良好稳定性的姜黄素乳液,本研究以亚麻籽油为姜黄素的油相载体,经高压均质法制备出姜黄素乳液中研究卵磷脂、吐温-80、阿拉伯胶和乳清分离蛋白4种食品级乳化剂对姜黄素乳液的理化特性和贮藏稳定性的影响,从包埋率、浊度、粒径、电位等方面进行稳定性评价。结果表明,吐温-80稳定的姜黄素乳液中姜黄素包埋率较高(76.98%),浊度和平均粒径最小,分别为848.0 NTR、214.23±1.52 nm;同时在贮藏期内姜黄素乳液的平均粒径变化最小,增长不到1%,贮藏稳定性表现良好。同时,4℃低温条件下姜黄素保留率最高,达到88.02%。结果表明,选用吐温-80作为乳化剂,姜黄素乳液具有最好的溶解性和稳定性,这为今后姜黄素在食品工业中的广泛应用提供了新思路。     

专用堆型对应的核主泵正反转流动数值模拟

为了研究核主泵在定转速工况下的正反转特性,采用相似换算法,基于SST k-ω 湍流模型与块结构化网格,对缩比系数为0.5 的核主泵模型泵进行数值模拟.定义流量从泵进口流向出口为“+”,反之为“-”.在正转工况下分别对-0.8Q_d到+2.0Q_d流量范围内的16个工况点进行计算、反转工况下对-1.4Q_d到+1.0Q_d流量范围内的14个工况点进行计算,得到其全特性曲线.计算结果表明:在相同流量工况下,核主泵正转时的扬程与转矩总是高于反转时的扬程与转矩,叶轮扬程与泵扬程存在不同的变化趋势;在正转工况下,在 -0.1Q_d到+0.4Q_d流量范围内,叶轮扬程曲线呈现反“N”型变化趋势;在反转工况下,在-0.4Q_d到+0.1Q_d流量范围内,叶轮扬程曲线呈一个明显的“V”型变化趋势;叶轮出口处产生二次流回流现象,这是正转小流量工况下叶轮扬程降低的主要原因,而叶轮与导叶之间过渡段区域内的环形高速带和叶轮流道内的大尺度涡是反转小流量工况下叶轮扬程降低的主要原因.     

离心泵作透平固液两相流动及磨损的数值模拟

为研究离心泵作透平内部固液两相流动特性,基于Euler-Lagrange模型,应用ANSYS CFX软件对一比转数为82的离心泵作透平进行数值计算,分别模拟颗粒直径为0.1,0.3,0.5 mm及初始体积分数为5%,10%,15%的9组不同工况,以揭示介质中固体颗粒对离心泵作透平运行的影响.计算结果表明:固体颗粒主要分布在叶片吸力面头部、前盖板壁面附近以及蜗壳尾部区域;当固体颗粒质量分数不变时,随着粒径的增大,叶片表面固相体积分数增大,叶片吸力面轮缘处出现了大量颗粒堆积,透平的扬程和功率上升,效率有所下降;当颗粒直径不变时,随着固体颗粒质量分数的增大,固体颗粒在叶轮流道内的分布出现向轮毂处延伸的趋势,堆积区域面积增大,透平的扬程和功率上升,效率变化不大.该研究扩展了液力透平设计方法,可为离心泵作透平设计提供一定的参考.     

Effects of defoliation on whole‐plant maize characteristics as forage and energy crop

Hail affects yield and quality of maize crops, and consequences also depend on the growth stage at which the injury occurred. Whole‐plant maize (WPM) silage is often used within the same farm for cattle feeding and biogas production. The present study aimed to verify the effects of hail damage, simulated by artificial defoliation, on yield and chemical and nutritional features, as well as on biochemical methane potential (BMP) of maize forage. In a randomized block design with three replicates, four defoliation levels (0%, 33%, 66% and 100% of leaf area removal respectively) have been applied at either the V12 (12th leaf), R1 (silking) or R3 (milk) stages for two consecutive years. WPM yield, chemical and nutritional features, and BMP were measured. Dry‐matter (DM) yield per hectare was progressively reduced (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of defoliation and with application at V12 in comparison with R1 or R3 (1.26 vs. 1.39 and 1.46 kg ha^?1 for V12 vs. R1 and R3; p < 0.003). Nutritive value and BMP per unit of product were less altered than dry‐matter yield per hectare by defoliation. Anticipating defoliation reduced net energy for lactation (5.26 vs. 5.46 MJ kg^?1 DM for V12 and R3 respectively; p = 0.02). Total defoliation resulted in an accumulation of nitrates (NO₃) compared to the other treatments (3.98 vs. 1.53 g NO₃ kg^?1 DM; p < 0.001). BMP was mainly reduced by early and complete defoliation. Equations were developed to estimate the effects of defoliation on yield, composition, and nutritive and energetic values of WPM.     

Post‐grazing cutting management in tall fescue affects the sward structure,forage and liveweight production

Tall fescue is the main perennial grass of the pastures of the temperate region of Argentina. However, after flowering in spring, tall fescue loses productivity and quality. Based on this, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different post‐grazing mechanical cutting managements on the forage mass, leaf proportion, stocking rate, liveweight gain and liveweight production of tall fescue pastures. The treatments were post‐grazing mechanical cutting at anthesis (FC), post‐grazing mechanical cutting throughout spring and summer (SSC), and no post‐grazing mechanical cutting (NC). The experiment was performed from 2011 to 2014 in Argentina. The greatest and lowest forage mass were determined in September–November and May–September respectively. The leaf proportion of the SSC treatment was greater than that of the NC treatment, except in September–November. NC had higher stocking rate and lower liveweight gain than SSC, and neither NC nor SSC differed from FC. The liveweight production of the treatments was characterized by a trade‐off between stocking rate and liveweight gain. We conclude that FC is an attractive management because, with a single post‐grazing cutting, swards remain productive and leafy.     

Effects of including bioactive legumes in grass silage on digestion parameters,nitrogen balance and methane emissions in sheep

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding sheep with silage mixtures containing bioactive legumes on intake and digestive parameters. The bioactive legumes used were sainfoin (SF, Onobrychis viciifolia) and red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense), which contain condensed tannins (CT) and polyphenol oxidase respectively. Five treatments were assigned to two groups of sheep according to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. The five types of silages tested were, on a dry matter (DM) basis: pure timothy grass silage (Phleum pratense, control, T), three binary mixtures of T‐SF, T‐RC and RC‐SF (500 g/kg each) and a ternary mixture of T‐RC‐SF (500, 250 and 250 g/kg respectively). The daily voluntary DM intake of silage mixtures containing both SF and RC was greater than for pure T silage, while the presence of SF resulted in lower organic matter digestibility compared to pure T. The rumen disappearance rate measured in situ increased linearly with the presence of SF and RC in silage. The nitrogen (N) digestibility was greater for pure T and T‐RC than for T‐SF, and the amount of N retained daily by the animals was greater for RC‐containing silages than for T and T‐SF. The methane (CH₄) yield was greater for pure T than for the silage mixtures containing SF. We conclude that the presence of RC in silage could boost performances through intake and N retention, while SF‐based mixtures appear to have reduced negative environmental impacts through the reduction of CH₄ emissions.     

γ-聚谷氨酸对土壤结构、养分平衡及菠菜产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了土壤增施γ-PGA(0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%)对土壤团聚结构、土壤养分平衡、菠菜产量与经济效益的影响。结果表明:随γ-PGA施量增加,水稳性团聚体(WR0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著增大,而团聚体破坏率(PAD)与分形维数(D)均减小,说明γ-PGA对改善土壤团聚结构具有显著的效果;随γ-PGA施量的增加,菠菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量减少,土壤养分残留量与盈余量增加,养分表观损失量减小;5组处理中,0.1%施量的土壤养分平衡状况最优,0.4%施量对作物养分吸收与土壤养分的平衡产生负效应;菠菜产量及经济效益均随γ-PGA施量增加而显著减小,0.4%施量时较未施γ-PGA减产42.98%;菠菜经济效益拟合结果表明γ-PGA在0～0.1%施量范围内菠菜获利高于不施加γ-PGA处理。综上,0.1%施量对改善土壤结构与养分状况、促进作物增产及作物养分吸收效果较优,这对进一步将γ-PGA应用于实际生产中提供了理论参考。     

新时期黄土高原退耕还林(草)有关问题探讨

[目的]总结黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程实施20 a来取得的成效,旨在为新时期黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供参考。[方法]根据多年研究结果,结合近期调研和相关资料,归纳了新时期黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程实施过程中出现的问题。[结果]当前需要考虑的问题包括:①如何加速退耕还草;②是否实行严格的轮封轮牧;③如何处理好生态林和经济林的比例;④如何持续提高单位面积粮食产量等。[结论]新时期生态建设过程中需注重分析与研究出现的新问题,寻求切实的应对方案,以推动黄土高原地区生态文明建设和乡村振兴。     

杨树低效林下土壤粒径分布与分形特征

[目的]研究鄂尔多斯地区杨树低效林下土壤粒径分布与分形特征,为该地区杨树低效林的成因分析及改造提供基础依据,并为杨树人工林的科学管理提供参考与决策支持。[方法]使用Mastersizer3000激光衍射粒度分析仪测量土壤粒径,采用土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型计算分形维数D值,并测定土壤养分。[结果]①鄂尔多斯地区杨树低效林下土壤颗粒组成主要以细砂粒(42.33%)、极细砂粒(15.72%)、中砂粒(19.77%)为主;主要土壤质地类型为砂土;土壤颗粒的分形维数D值在1.222 5～2.204 5范围内,处于较低水平。②土壤颗粒分形维数D值与粉粒、极细砂粒、细砂粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与中砂粒、粗砂粒、极粗砂粒呈显著负相关关系。③随着土层加深,粒径250μm的土壤颗粒含量增加,粒径250μm的土壤颗粒含量减少;土壤颗粒分形维数D值随土层加深而增大,增大幅度不大。④土壤颗粒分形维数D值与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量的关系均未达到显著水平,土壤各养分含量的变化对分形维数D值没有显著影响。[结论]鄂尔多斯地区杨树低效林下土壤颗粒组成以砂粒为主,土壤分形维数较低,土壤结构极不均匀,这样的土壤结构对杨树的正常生长发育极为不利,不良的土壤结构也在一定程度上导致了低效林的形成,因此在对杨树低效林进行预防和改造时也要改善林下土壤结构。