Relative genetic contributions of ancestral genotypes to Yugoslavian winter wheat cultivars

Summary Pedigrees of 142 Yugoslavian winter wheat cultivars were traced to 110 ancestral genotypes, of which 41 contributed significantly. In each of the four major Yugoslavian wheat breeding programs, the most important ancestor, as evaluated by mean coefficient of parentage, was Akagomughi, source of the genes Rht8 and Ppd1. The other 13–19 ancestors accounting for the majority of the remaining germplasm, varied considerably among institutions. The relative contributions of ancestors changed little between the periods 1967–76 and 1982–86, with the exception of Neuzucht (source of a 1B/1R translocation), which became much more important in the latter period.     

Pedigree, RAPD and simplified AFLP-based assessment of genetic relationships among Avena sativa L. cultivars

Two molecular marker techniques: RAPD and simplified ^PstIAFLP have been compared in order to decide on, which technique is better suited to genetic characterization of oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars. It was investigated, if the same pattern of variability is revealed by two approaches and whether the observed molecular variability reflects pedigree-based relationships. Polymorphic RAPD and ^PstIAFLP markers were sufficient to distinguish all analysed cultivars, demonstrating the usefulness of both methods for cultivar identification. Genetic similarity estimates derived from RAPD, simplified ^PstIAFLP and combined RAPD and ^PstIAFLP data were compared with coefficients of parentage (COP). Molecular markers-based mean genetic similarities were considerably greater than mean COP value. Correlation coefficients between COP and genetic similarities calculated from RAPD, ^PstIAFLP and combined molecular data were very low and not significant. A better correlation (0.50) was found between similarity estimates derived from RAPD and ^PstIAFLP markers. Four separate dendrograms were constructed based on pedigree and molecular analyses using a neighbor-joining algorithm (NJ). The dendrograms were compared and found to be topologically different. The results of this study showed, that both molecular techniques can be conveniently used for genetic characterization of oat cultivars, however ^PstIAFLP would be the method of choice due to the higher efficiency and reproducibility. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

应用STR基因座及mtDNA D-Loop区遗传标记联合进行中国德昌水牛单亲亲权鉴定

为了研究短串联重复序列(STR)基因座在亲权鉴定中的亲子关系相对概率及mtDNA D-Loop区遗传标记在单亲亲权鉴定中的应用,试验采用PCR技术扩增3头水牛BM2934、BM1862、ETH225、BM1818、INRA035、BM2113、CSRM60、TGLA227共8个STR基因座DNA,STR扩增产物经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测并计算单亲亲权指数(PI)和亲子关系相对概率(RCP),同时扩增3头水牛mtDNA D-Loop区基因片段并进行测序分析。结果表明:2头嫌疑后代中c1与母水牛m亲子关系概率为99.960 6%,两者mtDNA D-Loop区基因序列一致率为100%;微卫星基因座与mtDNA D-Loop区遗传标记检测结果一致,嫌疑后代c1为母水牛m的后代。说明STR基因座与mtDNA D-Loop区遗传标记均可用于单亲亲权鉴定,两种方法相结合提高了亲权鉴定的稳定性、准确性、灵敏度,鉴定范围更广,样品要求更低。     

东北地区大豆品种血缘组成分析

用系谱分析法研究了东北地区168个杂交育成大豆品种与其祖先品种间的亲缘系数,估计了各祖先品种对辽,吉、黑三省大豆基因库的相对遗传贡献。结果表明,我国东北地区大豆育成品种的遗传基础较窄。满仓金,紫花4号,丰地黄,元宝金,荆山朴,铁荚四粒黄,克山四粒黄,金元1号,十胜长叶和黄宝珠10个祖先品种对东北大豆杂交育成品种遗传基础的总贡献为57.7％。因满仓金,元宝金是金元×黄宝珠的后代,而荆山朴是由满仓金系选而来,因此,金元和黄宝珠约贡献了东北大豆育成品种约28.7％的遗传物质。三省比较,黑龙江省杂交育成大豆品种的遗传基础最窄,辽宁次之。为了保证持续稳定的育种进展,有必要加强对国内外大豆种质资源利用的研究。扩大种质资源的利用范围,使大豆品种的遗传基础多样化。     

利用微卫星DNA标记进行黄牛的亲子鉴定

亲子鉴定在畜牧业生产中具有重要实际应用价值,常见其用于建立准确的系谱档案和家畜归属的诉讼案件。其中标准的三联体(即在母子关系是已知的情况下,鉴定假设父亲与子畜是否有亲生关系)和单亲[即父子(女)或母子(女)亲生关系的确定]两种情况下的亲子鉴定在畜牧生产中具有普遍意义。以云南文山黄牛为试验材料,采用10对常染色体微卫星DNA标记对这两种情况下的亲子关系进行了检测分析。结果表明,常染色体微卫星DNA标记在标准的三联体和单亲两种情况下都能用来进行亲子鉴定,结果较准确,但标准三联体情况下的亲子鉴定更准确。确定的不同模式下亲子鉴定的方法,可为家养动物亲子鉴定标准方法和流程的建立提供依据。     

河南小麦主栽品种亲缘系数分析

为探讨河南省小麦遗传背景丰富度,追溯了河南省57份小麦主栽品种的系谱信息,计算并分析了品种亲本间及品种组合间的亲缘系数（coefficient of parentage,COP）。结果表明,供试品种中只有7个品种的父母本之间有亲缘关系。1 596对组合中,757对存在亲缘关系,所有组合的COP值变异范围为0.0000~0.7500,亲缘系数总和为65.8393,平均值为0.0413。聚类分析将57份品种分为7个类群。骨干亲本豫麦2号、豫麦18号、豫麦21号、豫麦25号与57份主栽品种的共祖先度分析表明,这几个品种的利用价值很高。由此判断,供试材料的遗传背景丰富,品种组合选育优良品种还有很大潜力。骨干亲本大都是早期培育品种,今后需加强对小麦种质资源的挖掘和利用。     

中华绒螯蟹微卫星多重PCR体系的建立及其亲子鉴定应用

利用自主开发的微卫星标记对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)进行微卫星多重PCR体系构建,最终成功建立4组多重体系,每组体系包含4个微卫星位点,并成功应用于3个家系的亲子鉴定中。结果显示:(1)本研究筛选的16个微卫星标记,平均观测杂合度为0.8206,平均期望杂合度为0.8164,平均多态信息含量为0.7927,具有丰富的多态性;(2)运用Cervus 3.0软件对已知系谱信息的3个中华绒螯蟹家系共95个子代个体进行亲子鉴定分析,结果显示,选用任意两组微卫星多重PCR体系时,累积实际正确鉴定率均超过94.74%;使用任意三组微卫星多重PCR体系时,累积实际正确鉴定率均大于98.95%;使用四组微卫星多重PCR体系时,累积实际正确鉴定率达到100%。并且当选用组合1、2和组合3,或者选用组合1、3和组合4时,对3个家系的累积正确鉴定率达到了100%,因此选用这些组合不但可以获得准确的系谱信息,还能减少工作量,降低成本。本研究构建的微卫星多重PCR体系能为中华绒螯蟹的种群选育和家系管理提供便捷、高效的途径。     

Family–tank interactions on early growth performance of yellow perch reared in single‐family tanks versus mixed‐family tanks as inferred using microsatellite pedigrees

From 17 families, 400 fingerlings were evenly stocked into four replicates of each of five groups: single family from an Ohio strain, single family from a North Carolina strain, three families from the cross of five strains, 12 families from the cross of five strains and a combination of all 17 families. After rearing for 27 weeks, the progeny from the 17 families could be confidently assigned to their family of origin at the rate of 97.9%. The cross‐bred multi‐families (12‐family and 3‐family groups) from different strains gained significantly more weight than both single‐family groups in separate tanks throughout most of the experiment (P<0.05), but no significant differences were detected in body weight among the four groups in the all‐family communal tanks (P>0.05). Both single families grew significantly faster in the all‐family communal tanks than in single‐family tanks by the end of the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, no correlation was detected between family mean weight obtained from the multi‐family tanks (12‐family and 3‐family groups) and the family mean weight in the all‐family tanks. These results indicated that there were strong effects of genotype by environment interactions on early growth performance of yellow perch.     

中国杂交籼稻遗传多样性演变及其分析

对1981~2002年中国生产上利用的杂交籼稻组合进行分析,结果表明,1990年以后杂交籼稻的遗传多样性逐步提高,每年种植组合中的恢复系数量平均为不育系数量的2.5倍,恢复系的遗传多样性大于不育系的遗传多样性,两系杂交水稻的大面积推广丰富了杂交籼稻的遗传基础。对国内生产上利用的骨干亲本亲缘系数(COP)的分析结果显示:尽管生产上杂交籼稻的组合数量不断增加,遗传基础有所扩大,但年种植面积大于3.3×105hm2组合的亲本仍然是几个骨干不育系和恢复系,这些材料的遗传背景仍然比较单一。因此,加强籼稻种质的发掘和利用,特别是加大不育系的创新力度,对于实现杂交籼稻的可持续发展具有重要意义。