黄鳍棘鲷家系亲缘关系鉴定

为了建立黄鳍棘鲷微卫星亲子鉴定技术,利用荧光引物和自动测序技术检测了自主开发的12对微卫星分子标记在505尾黄鳍棘鲷个体中的遗传多态性,并构建了亲子鉴定技术。结果显示,该研究中筛选的12个微卫星标记共检测到119个等位基因,平均等位基因数(N_a)为9.91,平均观测杂合度(H_o)为0.651,平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.661,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.621,具有丰富的多态性。此外,运用Cervus 3.0软件对已知系谱信息的112尾黄鳍棘鲷亲本和393尾子代个体进行模拟分析,结果显示,当双亲未知且置信度为95%时,12个标记的累积排除概率达99.58%;当微卫星标记数量为8时,累积排除概率达到99.1%。因此确定AL49、AL37、AL01、AL20、AL14、AL18、AL15和AL51共8个多态性较高的微卫星标记为黄鳍棘鲷微卫星亲子鉴定的核心体系。在双亲性别未知的情况下,其双亲的累积排除率为99.1%。根据黄鳍棘鲷子代的实际基因分型数据,实际鉴定率为89.31%。该研究构建的微卫星标记组合能为黄鳍棘鲷不同家系混养后的亲子鉴定、种群选育和分子辅助家系管理提供科学的技术手段。     

河南审定小麦品种的骨干亲本分析

对河南审定的122个小麦品种的骨干亲本进行了分析,结果表明,2000年之前审定小麦品种的亲本系统为阿夫,丰产3号,抗辉红,St 2422/464,高加索,内乡5号,山前麦,碧蚂1号和玛拉,共涉及到66个审定品种,占94.29%,亲缘系数总和为32.24,占46.06%.这9个亲本在16个主要推广品种中的亲缘系数总和为7.89,占49.31%.2000年之后审定的小麦品种主要是利用中早期审定的品种作为亲本选育成的,共涉及到43个品种,占82.69%,亲缘系数总和为29.08,占55.92%,主要推广品种豫麦21号,豫麦2号,豫麦13号,豫麦25号和豫麦18号成为骨干亲本.豫麦2号在1990年以后审定品种的亲缘关系中占有突出地位,共涉及到43个品种,成为利用率最高的骨干亲本.     

Two-component method for crossing self-fertilized crops

Summary The paper presents the method of choosing parents for simple and multiple crossings formularizing the well-known principles i) effective performance of breeding traits in hybrid population and ii) genetic divergence between parents; an original procedure of the integral performance estimation of hybrid population taking into consideration the specific features of a breeding program; an estimation of divergence between parents by way of computing the parentage coefficients. It gives a substantiated computation of the objective heuristic function in the process of assessing various combinations of crossing on the basis of both estimations, the said function offering a quantitative evaluation of the relative perspective efficiency of the hybrid combinations before crossing.     

Hybrid performance and heterosis in spring bread wheat, and their relations to SSR-based genetic distances and coefficients of parentage

Development of hybrids is considered to be a promising avenue to enhance the yield potential of crops. We investigated (i) the amount of heterosis observed in hybrid progeny, (ii) relative importance of general (GCA) versus specific (SCA) combining ability, and (iii) the relationship between heterosis and genetic distance measures in four agronomic traits of spring bread wheat. Eight male and 14 female lines, as well as 112 hybrids produced in a factorial design were grown in replicated trials at two environments in Mexico. Principal coordinate analysis based on Rogers' distance (RD) estimates calculated from 113 SSRs revealed three different groups of parents. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) for grain yield averaged 0.02 t ha⁻¹ (0.5%) and varied from −15.33% to 14.13%. MPH and hybrid performance (F1P) were higher for intra-group hybrids than for inter-group hybrids, with low values observed in inter-group crosses involving two non-adapted Chinese parents. Combined analyses of variance revealed significant differences among parents and among hybrids. Estimates of GCA variances were more important than SCA variances for all traits. Tight correlations of GCA with line per se performance, and mid-parent value with F1P were observed for all traits. In contrast, correlations of MPH with RD and coefficient of parentage were not significant. It was concluded that the level of heterosis in spring wheat was too low to warrant a commercial exploitation in hybrids. SSRs proved to be a powerful tool for the identification of divergent groups in advanced wheat breeding materials.     

DNA fingerprinting of apple (Malus spp.) rootstocks using Simple Sequence Repeats

Identification of apple clonal rootstocks based on visual morphological characteristics is often difficult because of the genetic similarity of many rootstocks and the restriction of observable characteristics at the nursery stage. In this study, a total of 66 rootstock clones representing a sub‐sample of a collection of apple rootstocks from different countries maintained at NIFTS, Morioka, Japan, was screened with seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to establish genetic identities, estimate genetic diversity, verify parentage and examine genetic relationships. All seven SSR loci produced one or two amplified fragments and made it possible to differentiate among the rootstocks, except between virus‐free subclones and their original parents as well as between ‘Aotea 40’ and ‘Aotea 106’. The parentage of all but one rootstock clone was confirmed. The placement of individual rootstock clones into subgroups in a phenogram generated from un‐weighted pair group average cluster analysis was generally based on parentage or genetic origin. Based upon the ability of the SSR data to differentiate these apple rootstocks and the high level of gene diversity, it is proposed that all commercial apple rootstocks be fingerprinted to provide a mechanism to verify the identity of individual clones.     

吉林省大豆新品种(系)血缘组成分析

通过对1989～1994年参加吉林省大豆品种区（预）域试验的274份大豆新品种（系）的血缘组成分析，揭示了目前吉林省大豆育种的现状，即育成品种（系）遗传基础狭窄、外来种质渗入较少、育种模式十分单一、育种队伍过于庞大等，提出应及时调整现行状况，重新规划育种程序及布局。     

微卫星DNA在家畜亲子鉴定中的应用及研究进展

概述了微卫星 DNA用于亲子鉴定的优点及存在的缺陷 ,并对未来的应用前景作了展望     

动物亲权鉴定的几种方法

本文阐述了DNA指纹、STR、线粒体DNA技术在动物亲权鉴定中的应用原理。分析了这三种方法在动物亲权鉴定中的优点及不足。     

1983-2010年北京市大豆育成品种的亲缘关系分析

追溯北京市1983—2010年90个大豆品种的系谱信息,计算其亲本间及品种组合间亲缘系数(coefficient of parentage,COP)并据此聚类,旨在探讨北京市育成大豆品种的遗传多样性特点。结果表明,19个品种的父母本间存在亲缘关系,占品种总数的21.11%;90个品种间共组成4005个组合,其中63.62%存在亲缘关系,COP平均值为0.031,表明大部分品种亲缘关系相对较远。随着时间的推移,品种间亲缘系数呈下降趋势,但从2005年至2010年亲缘系数值增大。除12个品种各自独为一类外,其余78个品种被聚成10类,从中可见不同年代的育种特征和品种的演化过程;中品661等9份种质对北京市大豆品种贡献较大,是骨干亲本。北京市品种总体的遗传背景丰富,但随年代推移,遗传多样性有逐渐降低趋势。