三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色及生长性状的遗传参数估计

采用群体选育辅助种内群体间杂交选育的方法,以内壳色、体质量作为选育性状,经过连续4代的选育获得了紫色选育系F4。本实验以F4为亲本进行繁殖,利用6对微卫星标记,对15个同批繁育的F4母蚌的1龄后代进行亲子鉴定,鉴别出了来自12个父本、15个母本的42个全同胞家系,使用ASREML软件的约束极大似然法对三角帆蚌内壳色及生长性状进行了遗传参数分析。结果显示,内壳色颜色参数L*、a*、b*、dE*的遗传力分别为0.31±0.22、0.11±0.08、0.36±0.18、0.29±0.19,L*、a*、b*之间的遗传相关和表型相关均较低,范围为0.08~0.47和0.04~0.32,L*与dE*相关性最大,遗传相关为-0.94±0.06,表型相关为-0.96±0.01;生长性状壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量和壳重的遗传力分别为0.24±0.19、0.37±0.27、0.26±0.16、0.26±0.17、0.31±0.19,各性状间遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,分别为0.71~0.92、0.66~0.94;颜色参数与生长性状的遗传相关和表型相关均很低,为0.02~0.18。三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色和生长性状的遗传力多为中高水平,对其继续进行遗传改良预期能够获得良好遗传进展。内壳色与生长性状的相关度很低,无法实现相互选择,体质量与其他生长性状相关均较紧密,表明将内壳色、体质量作为目标性状进行同步选育的方法合理,可实现同时改良壳色及生长性能的目的。     

皱纹盘鲍微卫星多重PCR体系构建及其在家系鉴定中的应用

为提高微卫星分型效率,从以往报道的皱纹盘鲍微卫星中筛选出易扩增、特异性好的微卫星位点进行组合扩增,并通过优化退火温度、反应体系、引物浓度等条件,开发了4组多重PCR扩增体系.运用CERVUS3.0软件对12个皱纹盘鲍全同胞家系的372个子代进行家系鉴定,验证了这4组多重PCR在家系鉴定中的效率.结果发现,仅用1组微卫星多重PCR模拟和实际家系鉴定的成功率分别为86％和90％,两组则达到100％.结果表明,微卫星多重PCR技术能准确地把任意子代鉴定至其所属家系,可以进行大批量家系材料分析,具有较好的应用价值.     

甘蓝型油菜杂种优势及其与亲本配合力和亲本系数间的关系

用１４个亲本所配制的９１个杂交组合进行产量比较试验,分析组合的产量优势,及其与亲本的配合力和亲本系数的关系,结果表明：油菜杂交种的产量优势普遍存在,４９．５％组合的超亲优势达到了显著水平,配合力、亲本系数与杂种产量和杂种优势间均存在极显著的相关,杂种组合选配时应考虑配合力和亲缘关系。６个最高产杂种组合的分析表明,杂交种亲本的亲缘关系较远、配合力较高,则产量优势明显。这６个组合的亲本中均含有中国亲本。     

Assessing the spawning season in common dentex (Dentex dentex) using microsatellites

A set of five variable microsatellite markers was used for the genetic characterization of two common dentex ( Dentex dentex ) broodstocks from an experimental hatchery and for the screening of the egg batches spawned during the complete spawn season in 2006. After parentage assignment, simulations were performed for the hatchery 1 broodstocks; the microsatellite set correctly assigned over 93% of descendants to parents when one parent was known and 80% when neither parent was known. Of the 261 eggs that the DNA was correctly amplified from, 254 were successfully assigned to a parental couple. More than one female or male took part (at the same point in time) in the spawning season. However, we observed 'dominant' individuals that produced high proportions of the descendants (unequal reproductive success) in all the sampling periods, although the contributions of these dominant individuals could change over time. This phenomenon reduces the effective breeding numbers, and could lead to inbreeding if this factor is not taken into account when the next parental generation is obtained. This factor should also be considered in aquaculture selection programmes because the dominant breeders may not be the most interesting individuals for commercial or productive schemes.     

应用微卫星对大足黑山羊进行亲缘关系鉴定

为了确定大足黑山羊的亲缘关系,本试验选用24个微卫星位点对133只完全没有血缘记录的大足黑山羊基因组DNA进行扩增,扩增产物用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行分离,银染显色后获得个体的基因型.用亲缘分析软件Cervus2.0进行个体关系分析,最终将子代个体以父权分为了11个群体,并对11只种公羊进行聚类分析,得出整个群体的亲缘关系,本实验结果对大足黑山羊的亲缘关系进行了初步分析,可为该群体的选育选配提供了参考.     

应用6个STR基因座进行奶牛亲子鉴定

运用PCR技术用BM2113、BM1862、BMc701、BM2934、TGLA122、BM720共6个STR(短串联重复序列)基因座对7头奶牛DNA进行扩增，扩增产物分两组混合后经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染检测，扩增片段互不干扰。采用已确定母女关系的2头奶牛血液样本和5个嫌疑父亲的精液样本，对一头母本已知的奶牛在嫌疑父本中找出父本，并计算父权概率为99．993％。结果证明，银染法检测STR基因座扩增产物可用于奶牛亲子鉴定。     

Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of the Grains between Old- and New-Types of Rice Cultivars in Japan

Abstract

The physicochemical properties of the grains of 16 old- and 21 new-type rice cultivars in Japan were investigated in 1995 and 1996. Among the old- and new-type cultivars, we found a similar pattern of varietal differences in physicochemical properties in both years, and in both the fields with and without nitrogen fertilizer applied. Between the two types, no significant differences in the mean protein and amylose contents in the rice grain were observed. The old-type rice cultivars tended to be lower in mean maximum viscosity and breakdown values than the new- type cultivars, although the difference was not significant. Cooked rice of the old-type cultivars tended to be higher in mean hardness/adhesion ratio (H/-H) and hardness/adhesiveness ratio (H/A₃) than that of the new -type cultivars. The physicochemical properties which showed superior values in the standard partial regression coefficients against the taste of cooked rice were the protein content, breakdown value and H/-H. These, physico-chemical properties can be efficient indicators for evaluating the taste of cooked rice. The coefficient of parentage of each cultivar to cultivar Koshihikari showed tight negative correlations with amylose content, H/-H and H/A₃, and tight positive correlations with maximum viscosity and breakdown values. The coefficients showed a loose positive correlation with protein content. However, Sasanishiki, Domannaka, Chiyonishiki, Nakate shinsenbon and Rikuu 132 were superior in their physicochemical indicators, in spite of their small coefficients of parentage to Koshihikari. This suggests that a highly palatable cultivar that is widely different from Koshihikari can be developed by utilizing genetic resources with superior physicochemical indicators.     

辐照花粉辅助授粉对百合远缘杂交结实的影响及杂种早期分子鉴定

研究了辐照花粉辅助授粉对百合‘pollyanna’(♀)×毛百合杂交结实的影响。结果表明:采用普通柱头授粉能获得许多膨大果实和饱满种子,表明该组合为亲合性组合。用经1000和2500Gy的60Coγ射线辐照的母本花粉进行辅助授粉明显提高了果实中饱满种子的结籽率,表明2种剂量的辐照花粉辅助授粉均能有效克服该组合的杂交障碍。结籽数的提高能获得更多的后代,增加了从F1代中选育新优单株的几率。随机选取辐照花粉辅助授粉获得的杂交子代15株,采用ISSR技术对其组培苗进行亲子鉴定,6条ISSR随机引物在15个子代中共扩增出372个条带,其中具有父本特征带114条,具有母本特征带67条,具有双亲共有带65条。ISSR鉴定结果证实了杂种的真实性。     

草鱼的微卫星亲权鉴定

【目的】从亲权排除率、鉴别准确率、鉴别成功率等方面评价微卫星标记鉴别草鱼亲权关系的可行性,为草鱼系谱信息的确定奠定基础。【方法】利用8个微卫星标记检测5个草鱼家系亲本（F0）及其子代（F1）的基因型,以Cervus3．0软件进行亲权鉴定,并统计微卫星位点的等位基因数（Na）、多态信息含量（PIC）、观测杂合度（H0）和期望杂合度（He）等;最后通过模拟分析和试验验证,评估8个微卫星位点最多可鉴定的亲本数及其与鉴定率、置信度之间的关系。【结果】8个微卫星位点中,当两个亲本基因型未知时,单个亲本排除率（E-1P）介于0．342-0．668,平均值为0．520;当一个亲本基因型已知时,另一个亲本的排除率（E-2P）介于0．521-0．802,平均值为0．681;一对亲本组合的亲权排除率（E-PP）介于0．711-0．937,平均值为0．847。以95％置信水平和100％鉴定率为标准,模拟分析及试验验证结果表明,所选择的8个微卫星位点最多可以鉴定598个已知性别的亲本或431个未知性别的亲本。【结论】所选的H118、H137、H165、H148、4703、C2489、H57、H81等8对微卫星标记可在生产及科研试验中用于获取草鱼系谱信息。