阿根廷滑柔鱼渔业资源管理及对我国的启示

世界头足类资源仍具一定开发潜力,阿根廷滑柔鱼（Illex argentinus）是西南大西洋远洋鱿钓作业渔场单种产量最高的品种,主要分布在西南大西洋公海、阿根廷专属经济区等海域。对阿根廷捕捞渔业产量、主要捕捞品种及产量、阿根廷滑柔鱼产量等进行了初步统计,总结了阿根廷渔业管理制度及中阿渔业合作情况,并结合阿根廷滑柔鱼渔业资源的管理实例,从近海和远洋渔业两个角度分析了其对我国渔业资源管理的启示,如构建近海渔业资源调查评估网络、开展近海渔业主要品种总可捕量管理试点、采取临时性休渔措施以保育渔业资源、逐步完善伏季休渔制度、加强渔港监督检查能力、制定渔业从业者准入条件、构建远洋渔业资源开发利用综合服务体系等。     

Finnish lake fisheries and conservation of biodiversity: coexistence or conflict?

The conservation of biodiversity in aquatic habitats has become an increasingly important challenge in the management of water resources. In addition to the complexity of the lake fishery and the management structure, the popularity of gill net fishing, in particular, has brought problems when re-establishing populations of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), collecting genetically sustainable numbers of spawners of the land-locked salmon, Salmo salar m. sebago (Girard), and increasing the population of the Saimaa ringed seal, Phoca hispida saimensis (Nordq.) to a sustainable level in the Vuoksi watercourse, south-east Finland. The attitudes towards protection among the users and other interested parties vary. In order to enhance the coexistence of the lake fishery and endangered species over large water areas, improved institutional linkages are needed among the local, regional and governmental levels of the fragmented decision-making regime. Environmental interests should also be integrated into the communication structure.     

面向海洋渔业可持续发展的海洋渔业服务模型库系统

海洋渔业服务模型库系统对海洋渔业领域的模型进行分类和维护,支持模型的生成、存储、查询、运行和分析应用,完成海渔况速预报、渔业资源量的评估与预报以及渔政管理等功能。作为国家８６３高技术研究发展计划的技术与示范试验８１８－０７海洋渔业遥感信息服务系统专题成果的一部分,本文对模型库系统的概念、组成与基本功能进行了比较系统的论述,提出了海洋渔业服务模型库系统的总体框架和软件实现,探讨了系统在海洋渔业生产和管理中的应用。     

Impacts of climate change for coastal fishers and implications for fisheries

Coastal Social–Ecological Systems (SESs) are subject to several stresses, including climate change, that challenge fisheries and natural resource management. Fishers are front‐line observers of changes occurring both on the coast and in the sea and are among the first people to be affected by these changes. In this study, we perform a meta‐analysis of observations and adaptations to climate change by subsistence‐oriented coastal fishers extracted from a global review of peer‐reviewed and grey literature. Fishers' observations compiled from across the globe indicate increased temperatures and changes in weather patterns, as well as coastal erosion, sea level rise and shifts in species range and behaviours. Coastal areas offer a wide array of resources for diversifying livelihoods, but climate change is reducing these options. Specifically, climate change could reduce the resilience of fishers' communities, limiting options for diversification or forcing fishers to abandon their houses or villages.     

东海中、北部及黄海南部海域底层渔业生物多样性时空分布特征

为研究和认识渔业生物群落结构和海洋生态系统在时间和空间上的变化特征和规律,实验依据2000年4个季度大面积定点底拖网的调查数据,利用海洋生态学研究常用的多样性指数,采用聚类的分析方法和空间投射的图示方法,对东海中、北部及黄海南部海域底层渔业生物多样性季节间的分布变化特征和规律进行了归纳,探讨了生物数量和重量季节变化不统一的可能原因,并分析了多样性与生物重量和数量之间的联系。结果显示,各季站点均可分成多样性水平高、中、低3个类群,各类群呈点、线和块状分布,且呈现中心、夹层和外层分别由高、中、低多样性类群构成的"三明治"结构或组合。各季"三明治"结构分布可能与渔业资源的生理周期洄游活动相关,结构中心水域可能对应多数渔业生物洄游活动主要范围。各季均出现高、低多样性类群直接相联、多样性呈现空间上跳跃性变化的水域,这些水域的资源生物量普遍相对较低,但一般都是毗邻生物量相对较高水域,其分布范围与毗邻相对高生物量水域的绝对生物量水平呈负向关系。春、冬季各类群对应生物平均重量和数量等级一致,而夏、秋季则不一致,这可能与各季渔业生物产卵、生长、补充等不同生命周期过程相关。不管重量还是尾数,多样性指数随生物量增加而下降的情形均多于增加的情形;多样性指数随生物尾数增加的正向关系明显高于与生物重量之间的正向关系。     

北斗卫星导航系统在海洋渔业生产中的应用

人类对海洋的过度开发导致海洋渔业产量日益下降,现代化渔业采用先进有效的技术对保持渔业资源的可持续发展具有非常重要的作用。本文阐释了中国当前在渔业生产发展中的问题,指出了在渔业现代化进程中应用北斗卫星导航系统的必要性。通过总结现有国内外相关研究文献,分析了我国渔业生产发展中的三个主要问题,介绍了北斗卫星导航系统的优势和不足,并在此基础上针对北斗卫星导航在渔船安全生产保障系统、渔业生产服务系统以及渔业生产监测管理系统中的作用展开论述,实际应用表明北斗卫星导航系统以其高精度、低成本、全天时、全天候、同时具备短报文通信功能等特点,在现代海洋渔业生产应用中有着不可替代的优势。     

基于水力推进的渔药自动喷施装置设计

针对人工泼洒渔药工作劳动强度大、施药效率低、对人身危害大等问题,设计了一种新型的基于水力推进的渔药自动喷施装置。该装置以玻璃钢船为载体,由直流自吸水泵驱动,采用锂电池供电,利用喷水推进原理行进。整机由船体、推进装置、转向系统、施药系统、无线遥控系统以及配套的管路系统组成。样机测试结果表明,该装置作业平均前行速度为1.0 m/s,总体混药稀释比例整数范围达1∶1000~1∶5000,实际施药效率达460 m~2/min,较传统人工泼洒效率提升160%。通过遥控渔药喷施作业,可以保证操作人员的安全,也可避免喷施药液配置过多造成浪费和污染环境。研究表明,该装置提供了一种移动式在线混药水下施药方法,对精准化水产养殖具有促进作用。     

Beyond marine paper parks? Regulation theory to assess and address environmental non‐compliance

1. Many marine protected areas (MPAs) around the world are ‘paper parks’. A key factor contributing to their ineffectiveness is non‐compliance with the rules in place. 2. This paper contributes to the existing academic discussion on ‘paper parks’ by drawing on critical regulation scholarship to develop a theoretical framework to assess and address compliance gaps in MPAs. 3. The theoretical insights are then explored using a case study of the second largest Italian MPA (the ‘Penisola del Sinis‐Isola di Mal di Ventre’), employing a multidisciplinary perspective built on both biological and socio‐legal expertise. 4. The biological study consists of a review including existing unpublished data on biological resources in the MPA coupled with new analyses on the effects of sea urchin harvesting restrictions. The socio‐legal research consists of the analysis of primary qualitative research in the form of semi‐structured interviews conducted with key stakeholders at the local and regional level in 2014, followed by two workshops (one with stakeholders and one with the general public) in 2015 to discuss the research findings collectively. 5. The results show that the Sinis MPA is not achieving its conservation goals, primarily because of actors' non‐compliance with the rules. The interviews with key stakeholders reveal a number of interlinked social, normative and calculative motivations at the basis of non‐compliance. Policy solutions are then offered. 6. This study offers a novel analysis on ‘paper parks’ that may be applicable to other MPAs experiencing similar compliance issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于正交试验方法的四片式虾拖网结构参数优化

针对规格为40.3 m×(20.8~16.2)m的我国过洋性虾拖渔业四片式虾拖网,基于L_9(3~4)正交表,设计了网身长度(L_b)、下网袖长度(L_w)、侧网宽度(W_S)3种因素各3个水平的正交试验,并利用方差分析检测3种试验因素对网具阻力、能耗系数、L/R(袖端间距与阻力之比)系数影响的显著性,旨在对此种网具的网身长度与网口周长之比(L_b/C)、下网袖长度与网口周长之比(L_w/C)、侧网宽度与上网片宽度之比(W_S/W_U)这3种结构参数进行优化。结果表明,对网具阻力的影响因素由主到次依次是下网袖长度、网身长度、侧网宽度。对能耗系数的影响因素在水平扩张L/S(袖端间距/下纲长度)=0.45时由主到次依次是侧网宽度、网身长度、下网袖长度;但在水平扩张L(袖端间距)=10 m时,下网袖长度为主影响因素。对L/R系数的主影响因素为下网袖长度。此类型网具的L_b/C应比小网目底层拖网略小,但在较大的范围内(0.26~0.38)变化亦不会对网具水动力性能有显著影响。L_w/C=0.31为试验的最佳水平,下网袖长度为3种因素中对网具性能影响最显著的因素。W_S/W_U=0.19为试验的最佳水平,侧网宽度应优先满足虾拖网作业对网口高度的要求,在此基础上,尽量缩小W_S/W_U值,不必拘泥于W_S/W_U结构参数值。     

A selective and low impacting traditional fishery,sustaining the economy of small coastal villages in central Mediterranean: Keep or replace the small‐scale driftnets?

Small‐scale driftnets (SSDs) have been historically used in the Mediterranean without major environmental concern. The introduction of large‐scale driftnets caused unwanted catches of protected species. Specific regulations were therefore issued in European waters, culminating in a proposed moratorium on SSDs. This study aimed to characterise the SSD fishery targeting anchovy (menaide), evaluating its environmental sustainability, economic performance and social relevance. In 2013, a survey by interviews, logbooks and observers on board assessed the order of magnitude of this fishery in terms of fishing capacity and activity, volume of landings and revenues. The menaide fleet consisted in 60 vessels <12 m overall length, moored in little harbours in southern Italy. These nets are highly selective: the target species, European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicholus (L.) and sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum), dominates the catches, while discards are negligible. The anchovies caught are of high quality and large size; the high prices support fish processing by local factories. Moreover, the results of a SWOT analysis demonstrated that replacing SSDs with a semi‐industrial fishery, like purse seining, would increase impacts on the ecosystem, and a loss of socio‐economic opportunities for several coastal villages. These findings support the option of keeping SSDs operating, in the framework of specifically oriented management measures.