网络时代期刊出版标识应标准化和规范化

通过对期刊的封面、条形码和页眉3个出版标识不规范现象的调查,建议网络时代的期刊出版标识应该实现标准化和规范化。     

表面粗糙度标注新旧标准的对比分析

设计者对零件表面粗糙度的要求是否合理，不仅影响零件的使用性能和寿命，对零件的制造成本也有很大的影响。１９９３年国家正式实施新的表面粗糙度标准，取代了１９８３年的旧标准。由于新、旧标准的符号、代号及标注法相近，但含义有所区别，在实际应用中出现了混淆现象。本文对新旧标准中表面粗糙度的标注进行了对比分析。     

沼液中HCO3-对水稻生长的类CO2施肥效应

【目的】 沼液富含氮素是其农田利用的基础,但不可忽视的是,沼液中还含有大量的HCO₃^-。探讨沼液还田过程中HCO₃^-的转化及其对水稻生长的影响,以期为沼液替代化肥,实施化肥减量及沼液资源化利用提供新的理论依据。【方法】 设置沼液原液（BS）、去除HCO₃^-的沼液（BS?B）、去离子水加HCO₃^-（W+B）和去离子水（W）4个处理,采用¹³C标记技术,通过水稻苗期盆栽试验,观测CO₂释放特征,同步分析水稻光合作用速率、胞间CO₂浓度、干鲜重、株高,以及上覆水和土壤pH、HCO₃^-、NH₄⁺含量等的变化。【结果】 （1）BS处理下CO₂释放速率为9.55—38.07 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,净累计释放量为4 654.06 mg·kg^-1;BS?B处理下CO₂释放速率为4.55—17.25 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,净累计释放量为780.68 mg·kg^-1;W+B处理下CO₂释放速率为3.93—26.33 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,净累计释放量为1 274.07 mg·kg^-1;W处理下CO₂释放速率为3.22—11.90 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,累计释放量为2 265.20 mg·kg^-1。BS处理下CO₂平均释放速率分别是BS?B和W+B的4.18倍和2.44倍,净累计释放量分别是BS?B和W+B的5.96倍和3.65倍,均显著高于BS?B和W+B处理。同时,BS处理下的CO₂净累计释放量大于BS?B与W+B两个处理之和,因此HCO₃^-与沼液中其他组分在对CO₂释放影响方面存在协同效应。（2）培养期内BS处理下¹³CO₂的净累计释放量为32.87 mg·kg^-1,占土壤-水稻系统CO₂净累计释放量的0.71%;W+B处理下¹³CO₂的净累计释放量为13.18 mg·kg^-1。相比较而言,BS处理下的¹³CO₂净累计释放量显著高于W+B（P<0.05）,这表明沼液中的其他组分促进了HCO₃^-向CO₂的转化。（3）BS和BS?B处理在前12 h水稻的净光合速率显著高于W+B和W处理;添加培养液后2—7 d,BS处理下的净光合速率值显著高于BS?B,同时,整个培养期间均显著高于W+B处理（P<0.05）,沼液中的HCO₃^-显著改善了水稻叶片的光合作用。相比较而言,BS处理前5 d胞间CO₂浓度均显著低于其他3个处理。BS和BS?B处理下水稻株高和水稻鲜重均显著高于W+B和W处理（P<0.05）,4个处理间水稻干重无显著差异。（4）BS处理水稻幼苗固定的¹³CO₂量为4.05 g·kg^-1,标记物H¹³CO₃^-利用率为18.54%;W+B处理的¹³CO₂固定量为3.29 g·kg^-1,H¹³CO₃^-利用率为14.20%。H¹³CO₃^-源的¹³CO₂促进水稻光合作用,有利于水稻生长。（5）BS和W+B处理下CO₂及¹³CO₂释放速率均与上覆水和土壤HCO₃^-含量、pH显著相关;同时,BS和W+B处理下水稻光合速率均与土壤中HCO₃^-含量显著正相关。【结论】 沼液还田,大量HCO₃^-转化显著促进了CO₂的释放,有利于水稻光合作用。土壤中的HCO₃^-含量和土壤pH是影响CO₂释放和水稻光合作用的重要因素。同时,水稻对沼液中的HCO₃^-具有更高的利用率,沼液中的HCO₃^-存在明显的类CO₂施肥效应。     

Growth model for the endangered cyprinid fish Tribolodon nakamurai based on otolith analyses

A growth model for the endangered cyprinid fish Tribolodon nakamurai was derived following otolith analyses of 16 wild and 53 reared specimens. The asteriscus was the most appropriate to measure size among three otolith elements, and its height OH  mm was used as size index of otolith. Standard length L  cm was best back-calculated using the Gompertz model, L  = 70.0·exp[–exp{−0.553 (OH   –  2.73)}]. Translucent zones on the lapilli, analyzed from 5-year-old-reared fish, were regarded as winter slow-growing zones. The ages of 10 wild specimens of 37.0–48.1 cm standard length were calculated as 7–10 years by counting the translucent zones on the lapilli. Age t was best back-calculated using the allometry model, t  = 1.33· OH ^1.37. The growth trajectory of T.   nakamurai followed a slender S curve, three typical growth models, von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz, and Richards' model, which is a general formula of the above three, being fitted using the maximum likelihood method. The Gompertz model, L_t  = 60.2·exp[–exp{−0.258( t  − 4.68)}], was found by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to be the statistically most acceptable growth model.     

A test of two methods for marking larvae and postlarvae of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

This paper describes the successful use of two tagging systems, both produced by Northwest Marine Technology Inc., on larval and postlarval giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Visible implant (VI) elastomer tags (a coloured liquid that solidifies under the epidermis) were used on stage XI larval prawns (mean weight 0.01 g) and postlarval prawns (mean weight 0.07 g). VI alphanumeric tags (small biocompatible plastic labels also inserted under the epidermis) were tested on postlarval prawns (from a weight of 0.5 g). Tags were inserted using clove oil as anaesthetic, and survival, mortality and growth rates of tagged animals were compared with those of controls that were handled but not anaesthetized or marked. Twenty per cent of the larval prawns (the smallest of the group) died just after tagging, but thereafter the remaining prawns survived well, as did all the tagged postlarval prawns. Visibility of the VI elastomer tags in larval prawns deteriorated with time, though 79% of marks were still visible to the naked eye 70 days after tagging. VI elastomer tags in the postlarval group remained clearly visible for up to 100 days. Visibility of the VI alphanumeric tags fell shortly after tagging, but remained adequate thereafter. Moult rates in control and tagged animals were the same in larvae with VI elastomer tags and postlarvae with VI alphanumeric tags, but the moult rate in the postlarval prawns given elastomer tags was slower than in controls. Rates of growth were similar in tagged (elastomer and alphanumeric) and control postlarval prawns, once the size‐dependent mortality of tagged larval prawns was taken into account. We conclude that VI elastomer tags could be used to mark small numbers of individual larval and immediately postlarval prawns for periods of several months, and that VI alphanumeric tags could be used to mark an unlimited number of individuals from a size of approximately 0.5 g.     

Age structure of Pacific saury Cololabis saira based on observations of the hyaline zones in the otolith and length frequency distributions

ABSTRACT:   The ages ( n  = 11 178) and length frequency distributions ( n  = 173 300) of Pacific saury Cololabis saira caught from September to November in 1989–2000 were examined. Most specimens were determined as either age 0 or 1 based on the number of annual rings in the otolith. The knob lengths (length from the tip of the lower jaw to the posterior end of the muscular knob on the caudal peduncle) at which 50% of the fish were age 1 ranged 277.8–304.7 mm. Analysis of length frequency distribution was also useful to divide the knob lengths of the two groups. The modal lengths of age 1 fish ranged 303.9–325.9 mm.     

Evidence for systemic age underestimation in shark and ray ageing studies

Numerous studies have now demonstrated that the most common method of ageing sharks and rays, counting growth zones on calcified structures, can underestimate true age. I reviewed bomb carbon dating (n = 15) and fluorochrome chemical marking (n = 44) age validation studies to investigate the frequency and magnitude of this phenomenon. Age was likely to have been underestimated in nine of 29 genera and 30% of the 53 populations studied, including 50% of those validated using bomb carbon dating. Length and age were strongly significant predictors of occurrence, with age typically underestimated in larger and older individuals. These characteristics suggest age underestimation is likely a systemic issue associated with the current methods and structures used for ageing. Where detected using bomb carbon dating, growth zones were reliable up to 88% of asymptotic length (L_∞) and 41% of maximum age (A_Max). The maximum magnitude of age underestimation, Δ_Max, ranged from five to 34 years, averaging 18 years across species. Current perceptions of shark and ray life histories are informed to a large extent by growth studies that assume calcified ageing structures are valid throughout life. The widespread age underestimation documented here shows this assumption is frequently violated, with potentially important consequences for conservation and management. In addition to leading to an underestimation of longevity, the apparent loss of population age‐structure associated with it may unexpectedly bias growth and mortality parameters. Awareness of these biases is essential given shark and ray population assessments often rely exclusively on life history parameters derived from ageing studies.     

Population dynamics and stock status of cobia,Rachycentron canadum,caught in Australian recreational and commercial coastal fisheries

Abstract Age and growth of Rachycentron canadum (L.) was studied in northern and eastern Australia to provide data for a preliminary assessment of the stock and to explore possible fisheries management strategies using minimum legal lengths. Fish collected from commercial and recreational fisheries ranged in size and weight from 125 to 1633 mm fork length (FL) and 0.031 to 55 kg respectively. Annual growth increments in sectioned otoliths formed by November–December. Estimated ages ranged from 0 to 7 yr for both genders. Longevity was estimated to be at least 13 yr. Von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were L = 1160 mm FL, K = 0.63 yr^?1 and t₀ = ?0.21 yr^?1. Rachycentron canadum reach 600 mm FL in their first year and over 1000 mm FL in 3 years. Natural and total mortalities were estimated at 0.35 yr^?1 and 0.85 yr^?1, respectively. Populations of R. canadum may be vulnerable to growth overfishing under the current minimum legal length of 750 mm total length (TL) in Queensland waters. An increase in minimum legal length to 850 mm TL is recommended.