流溪河保护区鱼类群落结构及其时空变动

为了解流溪河光倒刺鲃国家级水产种质资源保护区鱼类群落结构,分析不同河段、不同季节鱼类群落多样性的变化,于2017年12月-2018年10月对保护区上、中、下游的鱼类开展了每个季度一次的调查。调查结果显示,共采集鱼类57种,隶属于5目14科50属,其中鲤形目43种、鲈形目6种、鲇形目5种,合鳃鱼目2种,鳉形目1种;计算57种鱼类的相对重要性指数,结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼、越南■及鲤鱼为2017-2018年度优势种;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数计算结果显示,下游鱼类群落的多样性及均匀度最高,夏季鱼类群落的多样性、丰富度及均匀度最高;各监测点之间的种类相似性系数显示,保护区上中游、上下游之间鱼类种类组成为中等不相似,中下游种类组成为中等相似,春夏、春冬、夏冬及夏秋季节鱼类种类组成为中等不相似,春秋、秋冬季节为中等相似;ABC分析结果显示,春、夏及冬季鱼类群落处于稳定状态,秋季处于中度干扰状态。     

Changes in the nutritional parameters of muscles of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following environmental exposure to cyanobacterial water bloom

The present study evaluated the effect of naturally developing cyanobacteria on the composition of muscles of two commercially important freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to cyanobacterial biomass including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis ichthyoblabe for 4 weeks. Then, they were transferred to dechlorinated potable water without any cyanobacteria for another 4-week period, thus modelling their preparation for consumers. Samples of muscles were collected every week during exposure and subsequent stay in dechlorinated potable water. The cyanobacterial water bloom of 3.9–6 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ (133–383 μg g⁻¹ of total MC DW) induced statistically significant effects only in the content of fatty acids ( P <0.05; P <0.01) in the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), while all studied parameters including the content of dry matter and fat ( P <0.01), proteins ( P <0.05), fatty acid composition ( P <0.05; P <0.01) and some amino acids ( P <0.05) were affected in the silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ). This study has shown that cyanobacteria in the environment of commercially produced fish may decrease the dietetic value of fish muscles.     

枫香优良观赏种质的遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR标记技术对12份枫香观赏种质进行遗传多样性分析,通过正交实验优化枫香的ISSR-PCR扩增体系,即在20μL体系中加入PCR反应缓冲液2μL、镁离子1.5 mmol.L-1、Taq DNA聚合酶0.75 U、dNTP 0.15 mmol.L-1、引物0.4mmol.L-1、DNA模板80 ng。筛选出的19条ISSR引物共得到131条扩增带,其中多态性条带为94条,多态性条带比率为71.75%。12份种质的有效等位基因数是1.482,基因多样性0.3012,Shannon信息指数0.4674,表明遗传多样性水平相对较高。进一步的聚类将这些种质分成3类,其中4号样本和11号样本的遗传相似度最高。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定鱼肉组织中四环素族抗生素残留量

建立了一种采用同相萃取-反相高效液相色谱法同时测定鱼肉中土霉素、四环素、金霉素的分析方法,即样品用McI-Vaine-EDTA溶液提取,C18小柱净化,流动相洗脱定容,选择355nm为检测波长进行检测,结果表明:土霉索、四环素、会霉素的检出限分别为0.02、0.03、0.04 mg/kg,方法相对标准偏差为2.95%～5.73%,平均回收率为80%～92%.     

基于改进人工鱼群算法的三江平原投影寻踪旱情评价模型

针对现有的旱情评价方法容易出现评价等级离散和结果不易分辨等问题,提出了基于人工鱼群的投影寻踪旱情评价模型,利用人工鱼群算法优化投影指标函数寻求最佳投影方向,同时采用自适应人工鱼步长和拥挤度因子对人工鱼群算法进行改进,克服其易陷入局部最优等缺点,提高了全局搜索能力和收敛速度。以三江平原红兴隆分局为例,选用降雨距平百分率、Z指标和降水温度均一化指标3个指标综合计算投影值,建立了基于改进人工鱼群算法的三江平原投影寻踪旱情评价模型。结果表明,该模型有效避免了单项指标评价的不相容性,用于区域旱情评价是切实可行的,为旱情评价提供了参考。     

非洲菊品种间杂交主要观赏性状在F1代的遗传表现

 以14个切花非洲菊品种配制成16个杂交组合，研究了切花的6个观赏性状在F₁代的遗传表现。结果发现：(1) 所有观赏性状在F₁代都发生了广泛分离，这意味着无性繁殖使亲本品种保持着高度的杂合性；(2) 花色、瓣型两个质量性状表现为倾母性遗传，绿心表现为隐性遗传；(3) 花径、花梗长、舌状花瓣数3个性状在F₁代总体上呈明显衰退，但因变异幅度大，仍有超亲个体存在。     

Total and available tryptophan requirement of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fingerlings

The dietary total and available requirement of tryptophan of Nile tilapia fingerlings was determined using linear regression analysis. Six hundred fish (3.4 ± 0.0 g) were fed diets containing 296.4 g/kg of crude protein and 14.1 MJ/kg of digestible energy. Five extruded diets containing 2.5, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8 and 4.2 g/kg of total tryptophan were evaluated. Fish were fed four times a day during 45 days. Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and net protein utilization of fish fed Trp 3.4 and Trp 3.8 diets were improved compared to fish fed Trp 2.5 and Trp 4.2 diets. No significant differences in survival rate, whole‐body moisture and ash were observed. Whole‐body amino acid profile of fish fed different diets did not differ statistically (p > .05). Fish fed Trp 3.0 and Trp 3.4 diets showed higher tryptophan retention compared to fish fed Trp 2.5 and Trp 4.2 diets. Excepting blood glucose, no effects of dietary tryptophan on haematological parameters were observed. The dietary total tryptophan requirement of Nile tilapia fingerlings based on weight gain was estimated to be 3.4 g/kg (11.0 g/kg of dietary crude protein) or 3.0 g/kg of available tryptophan (11.0 g/kg of dietary digestible protein).     

Riparian restoration offsets predicted population consequences of climate warming in a threatened headwater fish

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Vertical distribution of larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus): Implications for vertical migratory behaviour and transport

Understanding the interactions among biological and physical processes is essential to determining how the environment affects transport and survival of fishes. We examined vertical distribution in larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) using 126 depth stratified tows in Delaware Bay, USA, during two cruises, in December 2007 and February 2008. Menhaden larvae were 16.8–24.6 and 20.5–26.2 mm standard length in December and February. Corresponding lengths for croaker were 9.3–17.9 and 8.6–19.6 mm. Using empirical observations, and statistically derived models, we explored larval concentration for both species as a function of location, depth, diel period, tidal period, size, and pairwise interactions. Menhaden concentration was best modeled as a function of station, cruise, and interactions between depth and size as well as between station and cruise. No significant differences in larval menhaden concentration were present among tidal and diel periods. Croaker concentration was best modeled as a function of size and interactions between station and diel period, depth and size, cruise and size. Despite tidal period not emerging as a significant model parameter, we observed larger croaker larvae during nighttime flood tides. Our statistical models are consistent with processes of up‐estuary transport for both species, suggesting larvae are increasingly affected by behavioral responses as larvae grow, exhibiting stronger patterns in vertical distribution. The results refine our understanding of the potential importance of size‐related differences in vertical distribution for larval transport in these species. Future research should examine the interactions among size‐specific vertical migratory capabilities, vertical distribution, transport, and retention.     

The future of fish passage science,engineering, and practice

Much effort has been devoted to developing, constructing and refining fish passage facilities to enable target species to pass barriers on fluvial systems, and yet, fishway science, engineering and practice remain imperfect. In this review, 17 experts from different fish passage research fields (i.e., biology, ecology, physiology, ecohydraulics, engineering) and from different continents (i.e., North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia) identified knowledge gaps and provided a roadmap for research priorities and technical developments. Once dominated by an engineering‐focused approach, fishway science today involves a wide range of disciplines from fish behaviour to socioeconomics to complex modelling of passage prioritization options in river networks. River barrier impacts on fish migration and dispersal are currently better understood than historically, but basic ecological knowledge underpinning the need for effective fish passage in many regions of the world, including in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., equatorial Africa, South‐East Asia), remains largely unknown. Designing efficient fishways, with minimal passage delay and post‐passage impacts, requires adaptive management and continued innovation. While the use of fishways in river restoration demands a transition towards fish passage at the community scale, advances in selective fishways are also needed to manage invasive fish colonization. Because of the erroneous view in some literature and communities of practice that fish passage is largely a proven technology, improved international collaboration, information sharing, method standardization and multidisciplinary training are needed. Further development of regional expertise is needed in South America, Asia and Africa where hydropower dams are currently being planned and constructed.