海参皂苷的分离提取与生物活性

海参具有较高的营养价值和药用价值.海参皂苷具有抗肿瘤,抗菌等多种生物活性,具有重大的应用价值和广阔的应用前景.本文对海参皂苷的提取、分离纯化、分析方法及生物活性进行初步的介绍.     

深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价

利用1998年5月和9月深沪湾海域环境调查资料，着重分析了深炉湾海水、表层沉积物及褶牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔体内重金属的含量及分布，结果表明：深沪湾海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等含量均低于渔业水质标准，而表层沉积物的Pb、Zn含量大部分已超标，近岸水域海水和表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量明显高于湾中心水域，湾顶水域高于湾口水域。Hg的含量是湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准，对2种贝类的重金属污染程度进行评价，结果深沪湾的养殖贝类体内的重金属含量均未超标。     

Avian predation on wild and cultured sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus intermedius</Emphasis> in a rocky shore habitat

ABSTRACT:   The present study reports the annual variation in consumption of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius by avian predators on a rocky shore where the culture of sea urchins has been conducted. Carrion crow and a few gull species were the most abundant avian predators and consumed a large number of sea urchins. Crows consumed mostly natural sea urchins, approximately 36 kg ww/ha per year on the intertidal rocky bench, but the gull species consumed mostly cultured sea urchins, approximately 100 kg ww/ha per year in the culture area. The seasonal variation in the amount of sea urchins consumed by crows was higher than that by the gull species, presumably because of the difference in foraging behavior in association with the seasonal tidal cycle. The natural sea urchins consumed are an allochthonous input from the subtidal to the intertidal habitat, and thus, crow predation may not affect the natural and the cultured populations of the sea urchin. The gull species consumed much of the cultured sea urchin, and thus, may be regarded as an effective predator causing damage to sea urchin culture. The results suggest that further studies are needed to determine why the gull species selectively feed on cultured sea urchins.     

Growth performance and metabolic utilization of diets with native and waxy maize starch by gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

The effect of dietary starch source and level on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients and liver enzyme activities involved in intermediary metabolism of gilthead sea bream juveniles was studied. Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isolipidic (15% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 10% native (diet NS10) or waxy (diet WS10) maize starch; 20% native (diet NS20) or waxy (diet WS20) maize starch or no starch (control). Diets were adjusted with α-cellulose. Another diet was formulated without carbohydrates, and contained 70% crude protein and 15% crude lipids (diet HP). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (initial weight: 20 g) for 12 weeks. The HP group was fed to near satiation and the other 5 groups were fed on a pair-feeding scheme according to the group that ingested less feed (control diet group). The reduction of dietary protein level from 70% to 47% by the incorporation of 20% starch did not significantly affect gilthead sea bream growth performance or feed efficiency. Compared to the control diet, neither the level nor the nature of starch had any measurable effect on growth performance and feed efficiency. Digestibility of starch was unaffected by source or dietary inclusion level. Diet had no effect on plasma glucose levels, but liver glycogen was higher in diet groups NS20, WS20 and HP. Dietary carbohydrates increased GK and G6PD enzyme activities and decreased ALAT and GDH enzyme activities while had only a minor effect on FBPase activity. The nature of dietary starch tested (native or waxy) had little influence on performance criteria.     

影响静态箱检测开放式气体排放源N2O排放通量的关键因子

为研究影响静态箱检测开放式气体排放源氧化亚氮(N2O)排放通量的关键因子,以提高静态箱检测气体排放通量的准确性,该文在实验室条件下,探究了箱体配置(有无通气孔、有无风扇)和检测条件(不同密闭时间:30、40、50和60 min;不同排放源表面风速:0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 m/s)对300 mm(直径)×300 mm(高度)(D300 mm×H300 mm)的静态箱检测N2O排放通量准确性的影响规律。结果表明,不同配置的静态箱测量结果偏差率随时间的变化趋势均相同,其中有通气孔和风扇的箱体在不同风速下的检测稳定性较好,检测准确性最高。当排放源表面风速为0~2 m/s时,风扇对静态箱检测准确性无显著性影响,排放源表面的风主要通过通气孔影响静态箱的检测准确性。静态箱检测的气体排放通量与实际排放通量的偏差率随排放源表面风速和箱体密闭时间的增加而显著降低。该试验推荐在排放源表面风速小于2 m/s的无粪便堆积的奶牛运动场以及排放源介质相似的开放式气体排放系统中使用有通气孔和风扇的静态箱对N2O排放通量进行检测,密闭50 min。     

采用双模态联合表征学习方法识别作物病害

基于深度卷积神经网络的视觉识别方法在病害诊断中表现出色,逐渐成为了研究热点。但是,基于深度卷积神经网络建立的视觉识别模型通常只利用了图像模态的数据,导致模型的识别准确率和鲁棒性,都依赖训练数据集的规模和标注的质量。构建开放环境下大规模的病害数据集并完成高质量的标注,通常需要付出巨大的经济和技术代价,限制了基于深度卷积神经网络的视觉识别方法在实际应用中的推广。该研究提出了一种基于图像与文本双模态联合表征学习的开放环境下作物病害识别模型(bimodalNet)。该模型在病害图像模态的基础上,进行了病害文本模态信息的嵌入,利用两种模态病害信息间的相关性和互补性,实现了病害特征的联合表征学习。最终bimodalNet在较小的数据集上取得了优于单纯的图像模态模型和文本模态模型的效果,最优模型组合在测试集的准确率、精确率、灵敏度、特异性和F1值分别为99.47%、98.51%、98.61%、99.68%和98.51%。该研究证明了利用病害图像和病害文本的双模态表征学习是解决开放环境下作物病害识别的有效方法。     

烟台市海岸带土地利用空间结构分形特征

为深入刻画烟台市海岸带土地利用空间结构特征,以烟台市农村土地利用详查成果数据为基础,利用分形理论和GIS空间分析方法,选取边界维数、计盒维数、信息维数和半径维数4个特征参数,对海岸带各土地利用类型的斑块复杂性、空间占比、空间分布的均衡性和向海聚集性进行了分析。研究结果表明:受人为干扰强的建设用地、耕地、园地和其他土地边缘相对比较规则且简单,而自然性较强的草地、林地、水域及水利设施和滩涂在人类活动干扰下正处于运动变化的随机状态,斑块边缘相对复杂;海岸带土地利用是以建设用地和耕地为主,其他用地类型为斑块镶嵌体的景观结构模式;土地利用空间分布的均衡性与空间占据能力表现出一定的正相关性;各用地类型斑块密度在海陆梯度上均呈现衰减的趋势,向海聚集程度的强弱,使得土地利用形态在海陆梯度上呈现似圈层状空间分异规律。分形理论的引入,为定量分析海岸带土地利用的合理性和科学性提供了新的研究方法。     

大气CO2和O3升高对菜地土壤酶活性和微生物量的影响

利用OTC平台和青菜盆栽实验,探索[CO2]、[O3]或[CO2+O3]升高条件下,土壤理化性质、微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化,以期获得未来大气CO2或/和O3升高对土壤微生态系统的风险性。结果表明,[CO2]升高不同程度地提高了土壤的可溶性有机碳（DOC）、可溶性有机氮（DON）、总磷（TP）、总碳（TC）、铵态氮（AN）、硝态氮（NN）含量和含水量（SWC）,进而不同程度地提高了土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）含量以及土壤蛋白酶（PRA）、蔗糖酶（SA）、脲酶（UA）、多酚氧化酶（POA）、酸性磷酸酶（APA）和中性磷酸酶（NPA）活性。相反,[O3]升高不同程度降低了土壤DOC、TP、TK、TC、TN、AN、NN、SWC、MBC和MBN含量,提高了MBC/MBN比值,在不同程度上降低了土壤PRA、SA、UA、POA、APA和NPA酶活性。而[CO2+O3]在一定程度上消减了[O3]对土壤微生物量和酶活性的抑制作用,也降低了[CO2]升高对土壤微生物量和酶活性的刺激效应。因此,土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化可用于评价未来大气CO2或/和O3升高对菜地土壤微生态环境的影响。     

江苏省褐飞虱迁入量的中长期预测模型

根据1983-2010年江苏省褐飞虱灯诱资料及1982-2010年全球海温场资料和美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）气象再分析资料,对江苏稻区代表站高邮、通州和宜兴的褐飞虱迁入量与前一年1月-当年6月太平洋海温场、前一年12月-当年6月中南半岛近地表气温场和前一年7月-当年6月北半球大气环流特征量的相关关系进行分析,并运用逐步回归方法建立一系列褐飞虱年总迁入量的预测预报方程。结果表明：（1）高邮、通州和宜兴3站的褐飞虱迁入量在不同时空阈限内与太平洋海温场、中南半岛气温场和北半球大气环流特征量之间存在不同程度的相关性。3站褐飞虱迁入量的对数值与前一年海温场呈负相关,其中与通州和宜兴站褐飞虱迁入量对数值相关显著的海温区主要分布在北、中太平洋,高邮站则在南太平洋;高邮站褐飞虱迁入量的对数值与前一年12月和当年4月中南半岛西南部的近地表气温场呈正相关,通州站与前一年12月和当年2、3月中南半岛北部的近地表气温场呈负相关,宜兴站与当年1、3月中南半岛西南部的近地表气温场呈正相关、与当年4月中南半岛大部的近地表气温场呈负相关;3站褐飞虱迁入量的对数值主要与前一年7月-当年6月的各副高指数、各极涡指数、大西洋欧洲环流型、亚洲纬向环流指数、东亚槽强度、冷空气强度、西太平洋编号台风强度、南方涛动指数等相关显著。（2）从上述海温场、气温场和环流特征量中筛选出显著相关（P<0.05）的因子作为预测因子,建立褐飞虱年迁入量的预测模型,并筛选出回检正确率70%以上、预检正确率66.7%以上模型17个,适用性评估表明,各模型的预报结果与实测值基本吻合,表明模型可应用于单站褐飞虱年迁入量的预测。     

Sedimentary characterization of Tagus estuarine beaches (Portugal)

Background, Aim and Scope  The distribution of sediments in estuarine beaches is controlled by the interactions between sediment supply, hydrodynamic processes and human intervention. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the sediments of Tagus estuarine beaches in order to understand their origin and to contribute to a better knowledge of the Tagus estuary sediment budget. Methods  Surface sediment samples were collected across beach profiles and sand grain size analysis was performed by dry sieving. Grain size statistics for the median (d₅₀) and standard deviation (SDM) were obtained using the Moment method. This study was complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the sediment composition. Cross-shore topographic surveys were conducted for selected sampling sites. Results  Tagus estuarine beach sediments are mainly composed of quartz sand particles which are fine-grained and well sorted near the mouth of the estuary and medium to coarse-grained and moderately sorted in the inner domain. Compositional results show evidence of active anthropogenic sediment sources, especially in the coarser fractions. Discussion  The analysis of the textural and compositional characteristics of beach sediments in the inner estuarine domain is compatible with local sedimentary sources, while a marine signature is present at the mouth and inlet channel sediments. In the inner domain, differences in the sedimentary processes are represented by the textural characteristics of the sediments, such as the sorting degree and the gravel content. Sediment characteristics also reflect human intervention in the system, with the introduction of anthropogenic and allochthonous particles and the mixture of sediments from different sources. Conclusions  The sediments of the inner Tagus estuarine beaches are derived from local Plio-Pleistocene outcrops while inlet and outer estuary beaches reveal a dominant marine source. Beach textural variability observed in the inner domain is not related to wave forcing gradients, but mainly to variations in the sedimentary processes along the estuarine margins and to human intervention. Results show that the Tagus estuarine beaches depended, almost exclusively, on sediment input from local sources until the last century. With increasing human occupation, sediment transfers became dominated by anthropogenically related activities mainly connected with the occupation of estuarine margins and dredging. Recommendations and Perspectives  Further studies should extend the present level of knowledge in what concerns sand transport patterns through additional compositional and geochemical analysis, and the development of new techniques in order to allow the quantitative evaluation of the impact of human activities on the sediment budget.