三个油橄榄品种花芽分化和果实发育过程观测

为研究油橄榄在酸性土壤、夏雨型气候环境下的生长发育特征,因地制宜开展田间栽培管理提供科学依据。以中国南方3个油橄榄适生良种豆果、柯基和尼Ⅰ为材料,比较花芽分化、花期物候、花序特征、单果重和含油率差异。结果显示:3个品种的花芽分化均起始于3月上旬,豆果和尼Ⅰ初花期为5月3日,花期分别为10、6 d;柯基初花期为5月4日,花期11 d。豆果、尼Ⅰ、柯基的平均花序长度分别为2.5、2.5、2.9 cm,单个花序平均小花数量分别为16.3、14.9、17.9个。果实转色的先后次序和成熟期的早晚一致,依次为尼Ⅰ、豆果和柯基;单果重和含油率随着时间的推移均呈上升趋势,但二者增速不同,单果重在果实发育前期增长较快,含油率在果实发育后期增长较快。至10月24日果实成熟度分别达M5(尼Ⅰ和豆果)和M4(柯基),尼Ⅰ的单果重和含油率分别为3.40 g、13.05%,豆果的单果重和含油率分别为1.15 g、14.31%,柯基的单果重和含油率分别为0.77 g、12.31%。综上表明,3个品种花期基本一致,柯基的花量大、花期长,可作为授粉品种加以利用;在果实的生长发育过程中,前期应加强田间肥水管理,以确保树体处于良好的营养水平,为后期油分积累奠定物质基础,同时在梅雨季节要注意及时排水。     

Distribution of a fish pathogen Listonella anguillarum in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus hatchery

The present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of Listonella anguillarum in a Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) hatchery. A total of 2704 isolates were obtained from the developing fish, live diets and artificial feeds of Japanese flounder and their rearing water, 439 of which were identified as L. anguillarum by the combining incubation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar at 35 °C overnight with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for the VAH1 hemolysin gene. L. anguillarum was detected in all seven rotifer samples, with densities of 2.5 × 10³ to 4.6 × 10⁶ colony forming units (CFU) g^− 1. Both the analyzed samples of Nannochloropsis oculata contained this bacterium at densities of 1.6 × 10⁴ to 1.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1. L. anguillarum was detected in only one of four samples of Artemia nauplii with a density of 4.8 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1 (35%) and it was not detected in the two analyzed artificial feed samples. L. anguillarum was detected in 11 of 18 specimens of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder at densities of 5.0 × 10¹ to 7.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^− 1, while it was not detected in the two analyzed egg specimens of Japanese flounder. These results indicate that L. anguillarum associated with the developing Japanese flounder is likely derived from rearing water and live diets such as rotifers. Further, it is strongly suggested that L. anguillarum is a transient bacterium of the intestinal microflora for the Japanese flounder but is a permanently indigenous one for the Japanese flounder hatcheries.     

微波辅助提取不同品种油橄榄叶及果渣多酚物质

为比较不同品种油橄榄叶果之间多酚含量的差异,以云南引种的16个品种油橄榄叶样及13个品种的果渣样为原料,采用4因素3水平正交试验设计,选出微波辅助提取油橄榄多酚物质最优水平组合为：萃取功率为600 W、萃取时间为20 min、萃取温度为120℃、乙醇-水溶液浓度为40％,以此为微波萃取工艺条件,提取油橄榄叶样及果渣样中多酚物质,并测其含量。结果表明,叶样多酚含量鄂植8号中的最低,为1.02％,城固53中最高,为8.29％;果渣样品中多酚含量,阿斯最低,为0.64％,而莱星最高,为1.56％,油橄榄叶样中多酚含量平均值（4.21％）大于果渣中多酚平均含量（1.10％）。实验结果为从油橄榄中获取天然抗氧化剂,以延伸油橄榄产业链提供理论依据。     

Thyroid hormone deficiency in abnormal larvae of the Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   In large-scale rearing of juveniles of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, a certain morphological abnormality occurred spontaneously in 4% of the fish. These fish showed a slight but clearly different appearance from any developmental stage of this species, and did not settle when all the other juveniles in the same tank completed metamorphosis and had settled. From comparisons of external and internal structures between the normal and the abnormal fish, the abnormality was attributed to unbalanced progress of metamorphosis, mainly due to metamorphic stasis. The thyroid of the abnormal fish was apparently activated morphologically. In addition, serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations in the abnormal fish were reduced to less than 1/10 of that of normal fish. After 14 days of T4 treatment (0.1 p.p.m) of the abnormal fish, all the abnormal characteristics disappeared, and the fish recovered to normal, suggesting normal responsiveness to thyroid hormones in peripheral tissues, whereas thiourea treatment (30 p.p.m., 14 days) further delayed metamorphosis. These results suggest that these abnormal fish were suffering from thyroid hormone deficiency, and were unable to secrete a sufficient amount of thyroid hormone to complete metamorphosis.     

Pituitary and plasma AVT content in the flounder (Platichthys flesus)

Radioimmunoassay measurement of pituitary AVT content and plasma AVT concentration indicated comparable levels in fully adapted sea water (SW) and fresh water (FW) flounders. Circulating AVT represented less than 0.1% of the pituitary AVT reserve. The urophysis contained AVT but the total content was only 2 or 3 fold that of circulating AVT. In fish adapted to hypertonic media, there was a close correlation between plasma AVT concentration and plasma Na⁺ concentration or osmolality. The present study examined the effects of acute osmotic challenge, associated with FW to SW transfer, and the influence of extracellular fluid volume status on AVT secretion. Short-term transfer of fish from FW to SW (up to 3 days) did not evoke a clear change in plasma AVT levels, though pituitary content was reduced at 24 h. During the first 3 days after transfer to SW, only small increments in plasma tonicity were apparent. The sensitivity of AVT secretion to osmotic stimuli may only be expressed when plasma osmolality has exceeded a specific threshold, which was probably not reached in these transfer studies. Fish in hypotonic media showed no relationship between plasma osmolality/tonicity and plasma AVT concentration. Acute extracellular fluid volume expansion of SW adapted fish also abolished the normally observed relationship between plasma osmolality and AVT concentration in these hypertonic media fish. This trend indicates that volume status may modulate the sensitivity of AVT secretion to osmotic stimuli as occurs in tetrapods.     

Predation by scavenging amphipods to injured hatchery-raised juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus under laboratory conditions

ABSTRACT:   The attacking potential of the scavenging amphipod Scopelocheirus onagawae on artificially injured hatchery-raised Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus juveniles was investigated in relation to the degree of injury on the fish. All injured flounder juveniles were attacked by amphipods regardless of the degree of injury, while non-injured juveniles were not attacked. The attack by amphipods on the juveniles generally depended on the amount of glycine, a main feeding stimulant for the amphipod, released from the injury opening. The swimming ability of flounder juveniles was important to avoid the attack of amphipods. Furthermore, an area of injury allowing the amphipods to cling to the fish affects to the vulnerability of juveniles against the predation of amphipods. This study suggests that scavenging amphipods are potentially involved in the rapid reduction of the number of hatchery-raised juveniles.     

Prevalence and different characteristics of two serotypes of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from the farmed olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel), in Korea

The prevalence of two serotypes of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was evaluated in a total of 29 isolates between 2003 and 2010 in Korea. Streptococcus parauberis isolates were divided into two serologically distinct types (serotype 1 and serotype 2), except for one strain (S1091), using an agglutination assay with rabbit antiserum, and serotype 1 was identified as the dominant type (24 of 29 isolates) in this study. To identify the characteristics of the two serotypes of S. parauberis, we conducted a biochemical test using the API 20 Strep kit, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assay, sequence analysis of 16S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) and a pathogenicity test. In TEM, both serotypes possessed polysaccharide capsule layers around the cell surface when bacterial cells were treated with a homologous serotype of rabbit antiserum. However, we were unable to discriminate serotype‐specific biochemical characteristics and genetic characteristics of 16S‐23S rRNA ISR between the two serotypes. In the pathogenicity test, the serotype 1 strains induced significantly higher mortality than the serotype 2 strains in olive flounder when experimentally inoculated via the intraperitoneal route.     

Effect of taurine supplemented practical diet on growth performance and taurine contents in whole body and tissues of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effect of dietary taurine on juvenile Japanese flounder was determined by feeding three taurine-supplemented experimental diets (TAU) and a commercial diet (CD) to evaluate a practical diet for juvenile Japanese flounder. Juvenile Japanese flounder were reared on the three experimental diets supplemented with taurine at 0, 0.5, 1.0% and CD. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder of an initial mean body weight of 0.2 g for 6 weeks at 20°C and the taurine contents of the whole body and tissues were analyzed. The final average body weight of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the 1.0% TAU was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Taurine contents in the whole body and tissues increased with the increase in dietary taurine level. These results indicate that juvenile Japanese flounder require at least 15 mg/g taurine in the diet, even though a combined mix of fish, krill and squid meal was the main protein source in the experimental diets.