Why is cannibalism less frequent when larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reared under dim light?

Survival rates of the larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reported to be three times higher under dim conditions (0.1 lx) than those under 100 lx. In this study, larval behaviour of sutchi catfish was examined under various light intensities (<0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 lx) using a CCD camera to understand why survival rates vary under different light intensities. Five‐day‐old larvae showed significantly higher swimming activity under <0.01, 0.1 and 1 lx than those under 10 and 100 lx. On the other hand, the larvae showed significantly higher aggressive behaviour under 10 and 100 lx; swimming larvae attacked resting individuals more frequently under 10 and 100 lx than those under 0 and 0.1 lx. Aggressive behaviour was considered to induce lesions, inflicted by the sharp teeth of attacking larvae, on larval skin surfaces. It is considered that the chemical substances would generate from injured skin surfaces then acted as stimuli, causing the cannibalistic behaviour in other fish around the injured fish. This study provided evidence that the observed higher survival rates depended on lower frequency of aggressive behaviour under dark or dim conditions. It is therefore recommended that larval rearing of sutchi catfish be conducted under dim (less than 1 lx) conditions.     

梨斑点病田间病情发生规律及其影响因子分析

采取“四定”跟踪观察方法对梨树新病害梨斑点病田间叶部症状表现、发生规律及相关影响因子进行调查分析,结果表明：梨斑点病田间叶部症状表现斑点小,群体数量大,叶面、叶脉、叶柄均可发生,发病中后期全叶呈黄绿相间黄化脱落;雨量大、雨日多的年份发生重,反之则轻;品种依发病程度不同可明显分为轻、较轻、中等、重等类型,其中‘蜜雪梨’、‘明福’、‘黄花’、‘清香’ 等品种发病轻,发病程度与海拔高度呈显著或极显著负相关,随坡段自下而上呈由重向轻的变化趋势,且位于梨园边行的植株发病较轻;综合管理水平高、树势长势稳健的梨园发病程度相对较轻.     

Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead

Petrosky CE, Schaller HA. Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 520–536. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Improved understanding of the relative influence of ocean and freshwater factors on survival of at‐risk anadromous fish populations is critical to success of conservation and recovery efforts. Abundance and smolt to adult survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead decreased dramatically coincident with construction of hydropower dams in the 1970s. However, separating the influence of ocean and freshwater conditions is difficult because of possible confounding factors. We used long time‐series of smolt to adult survival rates for Chinook salmon and steelhead to estimate first year ocean survival rates. We constructed multiple regression models that explained the survival rate patterns using environmental indices for ocean conditions and in‐river conditions experienced during seaward migration. Survival rates during the smolt to adult and first year ocean life stages for both species were associated with both ocean and river conditions. Best‐fit, simplest models indicate that lower survival rates for Chinook salmon are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity during the smolt migration or multiple passages through powerhouses at dams. Similarly, lower survival rates for steelhead are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity and warmer river temperatures. Given projections for warming ocean conditions, a precautionary management approach should focus on improving in‐river migration conditions by increasing water velocity, relying on increased spill, or other actions that reduce delay of smolts through the river corridor during their seaward migration.     

Improvement in recruitment of Japanese sardine with delays of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Japan

To evaluate the impact of temporal variation of primary productivity on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan, the phenology of sea surface phytoplankton abundance was estimated from 8 day multiple satellite (SeaWiFS, MODIS‐Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS) derived sea surface chlorophyll (SSChl) a concentrations from January 1998 to December 2015. Because relationships between SSChl a and in situ chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly different among periods based on the satellite combinations used, maximum and minimum SSChl a concentrations of 1 year were relativized as 1 and 0, respectively. Spatio‐temporal variation of relativized SSChl a concentrations was determined by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Scores in the first EOF mode denoted the basin‐scale variations of SSChl a concentrations in the Sea of Japan, and the major peak from the end of February to the end of May displayed the spring bloom. The logarithm of recruitment per spawner (LNRPS) for sardine was positively affected by delays in the start and end dates of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The delay of the date of the lowest sea surface temperature contributed to the delay of the end of the spring bloom during the period 1998–2015 and elevated the LNRPS during the period 1982–2015. Sardine spawns in the southern Sea of Japan from April to May, hence, delays of the spring bloom prolonged its overlap with sardine larval periods, and thus improved the recruitment of Japanese sardine in the Sea of Japan.     

不同条件下核桃青皮腐解物对土壤肥力的影响

【目的】研究不同腐解条件下核桃青皮腐解物对土壤化学和生物学性质的影响,探讨核桃青皮的还田效应,筛选最佳腐解条件,为有效利用核桃青皮提供科学依据。【方法】以铁核桃青皮为试材,将核桃青皮与土壤混合进行腐解试验,研究不同腐解时间(0,10,20,30,40,50,60d)、腐解温度(15,25,35℃)以及青皮与土壤不同配比(0∶100(CK),1∶100,5∶100,10∶100,质量比)条件下核桃青皮腐解对土壤化学特性、养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量的影响。【结果】在不同腐解时间试验中,与0d(未腐解)处理相比,核桃青皮腐解降低了土壤EC值和过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶活性,提高了蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有机碳、有机质含量以及真菌、放线菌数量的最大值多出现在10~30d,其中又以20d居多。在不同腐解温度处理中,除全氮、全磷、全钾含量及过氧化氢酶活性和放线菌数量外,其他测定指标的峰值均出现在常温(25℃)处理中。青皮与土壤不同配比试验中,土壤pH、EC值、全氮、总有机碳、有机质、全钾含量,以及脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性、放线菌数量大体上随青皮添加比例的增加而增大,当青皮与土壤配比为10∶100时均达最大值。【结论】核桃青皮腐解能有效提高土壤养分含量,增强土壤酶活性,增加微生物数量,可以改善和提高土壤肥力。就改善土壤肥力方面而言,核桃青皮的最佳腐解条件为:腐解时间20d、常温(25℃)和青皮与土壤配比为10∶100。     

Eight urgent,fundamental and simultaneous steps needed to restore ocean health,and the consequences for humanity and the planet of inaction or delay

1. The ocean crisis is urgent and central to human wellbeing and life on Earth; past and current activities are damaging the planet's main life support system for future generations. We are witnessing an increase in ocean heat, disturbance, acidification, bio‐invasions and nutrients, and reducing oxygen levels. Several of these act like ratchets: once detrimental or negative changes have occurred, they may lock in place and may not be reversible, especially at gross ecological and ocean process scales.
2. Each change may represent a loss to humanity of resources, ecosystem function, oxygen production and species. The longer we pursue unsuitable actions, the more we close the path to recovery and better ocean health and greater benefits for humanity in the future.
3. We stand at a critical juncture and have identified eight priority issues that need to be addressed in unison to help avert a potential ecological disaster in the global ocean. They form a purposely ambitious agenda for global governance and are aimed at informing decision‐makers at a high level. They should also be of interest to the general public.
4. Of all the themes, the highest priority is to rigorously address global warming and limit surface temperature rise to 1.5°C by 2100, as warming is the pre‐eminent factor driving change in the ocean. The other themes are establishing a robust and comprehensive High Seas Treaty, enforcing existing standards for Marine Protected Areas and expanding their coverage, especially in terms of high levels of protection, adopting a precautionary pause on deep‐sea mining, ending overfishing and destructive fishing practices, radically reducing marine pollution, putting in place a financing mechanism for ocean management and protection, and lastly, scaling up science/data gathering and facilitating data sharing.
5. By implementing all eight measures in unison, as a coordinated strategy, we can build resilience to climate change, help sustain fisheries productivity, particularly for low‐income countries dependent on fisheries, protect coasts (e.g. via soft‐engineering/habitat‐based approaches), promote mitigation (e.g. carbon storage) and enable improved adaptation to rapid global change.

     

碱性纤维素酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件的研究

[目的]筛选碱性纤维素酶产生菌,并优化其产酶条件。[方法]对从土壤样品中分离到的100余株菌进行平板筛选,获得1株产碱性纤维素酶的菌株ZJJ-1,并对其进行液体培养基成分及发酵产酶条件优化。[结果]培养基最佳配方为：麸皮0.5%,大豆粉2%,KH2PO40.2%,NaCl 0.7%;最优产酶条件为：37℃、175 r/min培养48 h,初始pH值为7。在此条件下,最高酶活水平达51.20 U/ml。[结论]为碱性纤维素酶的后续研究提供了优良的菌种资源。     

虫草菌液体悬浮培养条件研究

通过单因素试验对虫草菌的液体悬浮培养条件进行优化,确定虫草菌的最优培养条件为:培养温度24℃,培养基初始pH值6.0,500 mL摇瓶装液150 mL,摇床转速150 r/min。在此条件下培养96 h,菌体干重最高达到10.43 g/L。     

泰安大樱桃种植气象条件分析

利用2005—2016年泰安地区气象资料,结合大樱桃适宜生长的气象指标,对大樱桃各生育阶段的气象条件进行利弊分析,分析樱桃减产和影响品质的不利气象因素,并提出针对性的防治措施,促进樱桃高产优质。     

播种机组纯作业时间利用率与地块条件的匹配模型与试验

机械化播种作业是现代农业生产的重要环节,纯作业时间利用率是衡量播种机组作业效率的重要指标。该研究依据农业机组运行机理,在调查研究的基础上,提出季节时间利用率概念,确定了播种机组的作业时间构成,建立了播种机组纯作业时间、转弯时间、加种肥时间的计算模型和3种加肥方式下的播种机组纯作业时间利用率计算模型,明确各参数随地块面积、地块长度等条件变化的一般规律;以此为基础,在机组正常作业状态下,采用定距离多点多设备同步跟踪测的试验方法获取4种典型播种机组各类作业时间数据,并运用3σ原理剔除无效数据;依据所建模型及有效试验数据,采用Matlab 2012b对4种播种机组的纯作业时间利用率随地块条件变化规律进行模拟仿真,并采用Sigmaplot 12.5软件直观表达试验结果;进而探索了播种机组纯作业时间利用率随地块条件化的原因,确定了目标时间利用率条件下不同播种机组与其所适宜的作业地块面积和地块长度的定量关系:播种机组纯作业时间利用率大于0.6时,约翰迪尔7830机组适合作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 200~1 400 m;维美德171机组适宜作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 000~1 200 m;常发504机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于1 hm^2、地块长度为500~1 500 m;黄海254机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于0.3 hm^2、地块长度200~1 500 m。研究成果可为不同地块条件的播种机组选型提供定量依据。