Computer simulations of homeward-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon: is compass orientation a sufficient direction-finding mechanism in the north-east Pacific Ocean?

Computer simulations were used to investigate whether compass orientation is a sufficient guidance mechanism for sockeye salmon migrating to the Fraser River from their ocean foraging grounds in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Daily surface ocean currents, simulated by the ocean surface current simulations (OSCURS) model, were used to test the influence of currents on the return oceanic migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon. High seas tagging and coastal recover data of Fraser River sockeye salmon were used for the migration simulations. Surface currents were shown to increase the speed of the homeward-migrating sockeye salmon, as well as to deflect the fish in a north-eastward direction. In spite of ocean currents, all Fraser River sockeye salmon were able to reach their destination with a fixed direction and bioenergetically efficient swimming speed when migration was delayed until the last month at sea. Compass orientation alone was shown to be a sufficient direction-finding mechanism for Fraser River sockeye salmon.     

Why is cannibalism less frequent when larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reared under dim light?

Survival rates of the larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reported to be three times higher under dim conditions (0.1 lx) than those under 100 lx. In this study, larval behaviour of sutchi catfish was examined under various light intensities (<0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 lx) using a CCD camera to understand why survival rates vary under different light intensities. Five‐day‐old larvae showed significantly higher swimming activity under <0.01, 0.1 and 1 lx than those under 10 and 100 lx. On the other hand, the larvae showed significantly higher aggressive behaviour under 10 and 100 lx; swimming larvae attacked resting individuals more frequently under 10 and 100 lx than those under 0 and 0.1 lx. Aggressive behaviour was considered to induce lesions, inflicted by the sharp teeth of attacking larvae, on larval skin surfaces. It is considered that the chemical substances would generate from injured skin surfaces then acted as stimuli, causing the cannibalistic behaviour in other fish around the injured fish. This study provided evidence that the observed higher survival rates depended on lower frequency of aggressive behaviour under dark or dim conditions. It is therefore recommended that larval rearing of sutchi catfish be conducted under dim (less than 1 lx) conditions.     

Characterization of the trade in manta and devil ray gill plates in China and South‐east Asia through trader surveys

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Seasonal movements of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern gulf of Mexico

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Current bycatch levels in Auckland Islands trawl fisheries unlikely to be driving New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)population decline

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北京昌平苹果生育期气象条件分析与气候品质认证

本文基于昌平国家观测站和流村自动气象站气象数据,分析昌平区苹果生育期内气象条件、气象灾害对苹果品质的影响,研究得出气候品质认证指标体系,为果品注入气象科技内涵的同时对苹果生长和生产管理条件提供决策依据。结果表明,2018年气象条件中,气温和日照条件有利于苹果生长、发育、着色等品质形成;低温和降水量对苹果生长膨大造成影响,管理上采取防冻害、灌溉等措施保障了苹果品质。通过对苹果果树生长立地条件、果品生长气候条件、果品经营主体生产管理条件综合评分,对昌平富士苹果进行气候品质评分,认定认证区域苹果气候品质认证为特优。     

Testing a model to track fish migrations in polar regions using pop‐up satellite archival tags

The use of pop‐up archival satellite tags (PSATs) to geolocate marine fishes in polar regions is challenging due to the brevity of periods during which there is a defined sunrise and sunset. Models using other environmental parameters are thus required to supplement geolocation data in the estimation of marine migratory routes. The objective of this work was to create a simple method that would estimate the migratory pathways of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in polar regions using temperature and depth recordings. Validated geolocations from PSATs were used to test and constrict the model. The model’s predicted migratory routes were within 100 km of the light‐based geolocations calculated by the tags. By constraining the trajectories through the geolocations, bias was reduced. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that slight alterations of the location and timing of the start and end points did not affect the mean migratory route estimates. This method is a management tool that can determine the primary habitat areas for any surface‐ or bottom‐dwelling marine species – especially in polar regions, where other methods may be impossible.     

异硫氰酸荧光素标记鳗弧菌条件优化及应用条件对荧光信号的影响

为了实现对目标细菌的有效示踪,实验以异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)为标记物,分别设置FITC标记浓度0.2、2、20、50、100、200μg/mL,标记时间1、15、30、60、120、240 min,研究了FITC标记浓度与标记时间对鳗弧菌标记效果的影响,同时对在不同温度(25、4、-20、-70℃)及不同时间(24、48、96、192 h)存储条件下鳗弧菌标记荧光的稳定性进行了比较,对标记鳗弧菌经甲醛灭活后的荧光变化进行了观察,研究了不同光照条件(0、150、1 500、25 000 lx)对标记鳗弧菌的荧光衰减影响,以及在-20和-70℃条件下反复冻融对标记鳗弧菌荧光强度的影响。结果表明,FITC的最适标记浓度范围为20~100μg/mL,最适标记时间范围60~120 min,储藏在-20和-70℃条件下,标记后的鳗弧菌荧光信号比储藏在4和25℃条件下稳定,标记后的鳗弧菌经甲醛灭活后的荧光信号稳定性优于对照组,不同强度自然光照对标记鳗弧菌的荧光衰减效果不明显,标记细菌经3次冻融,发现在-70℃条件下冻存的细菌荧光信号稳定性保持良好。本研究结果为FITC用于标记海洋细菌提供了实用的技术参数。     

Effects of crushed conspecifics on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon Fabricius post larvae

In the present study, the hypothesis tested was that Penaeus monodon post‐larvae (PL) experience lower growth when exposed to crushed conspecifics, which was achieved by exposing individual P. monodon PL with abundant food for 4 weeks to a gradient from 0 to 100 crushed conspecific PL L^?1. Both dry weight (48.5±7.2 mg) and body size (28.0±1.3 mm) of animals exposed to 1 macerated PL L^?1 were significantly (P≤0.011) higher than those of animals in treatments with 0, 5 and 10 crushed PL L^?1 (average over treatments: 25.6±3.2 mg; 23.4±0.5 mm). All animals died within 1 week when exposed to 70 and 100 crushed PL L^?1, and within 3–4 weeks when exposed to 50 and 30 crushed PL L^?1. Exposure time affected mortality and it appeared that LC₅₀ values decreased from 60 to 13 crushed PL L^?1 from 1 to 4 weeks' exposure. Survival of P. monodon PL was negatively correlated to pH, biological oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrate. In conclusion, low dose of crushed conspecifics has a stimulatory effect on P. monodon PL, as larvae were heavier and larger, while high doses cause high mortality.