渭干河灌区土壤水盐空间变异性研究

根据直线和网格布点法布置的150个取样点的测定资料,应用经典统计分析方法．探讨了垦荒地土壤电导率和重量含水率的空间变异性,并给出了不同置信水平及精度要求下两者的合理取样数目。应用自相关和半方差分析方法进一步讨论了土壤电导率及土壤重量含水率的空间变异结构和半方差函数模型。结果表明,垦荒地土壤电导率和重量含水率的空间变异都是有结构的,土壤电导率的最大相关域为9m,土壤重量含水率的最大相关域为6．4m。两者的半方差函数可用有基台的线型模型拟合。     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区不同水土保持林结构模式水源涵养效益研究

水土保持林的水源涵养效益是研究森林防止水土流失的一个热点问题。以20世纪80年代末期营造和自然恢复的湿地松林、桤柏混交林、刺槐(灌木)林 、刺槐林 和桤木林为研究对象,选择林冠截留、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤贮水能力、土壤渗透性和枯落物持水性,作为研究不同水土保持林结构模式水源涵养效益的指标,对不同水土保持林的水源涵养机理和水源涵养效益进行了较深入的研究。结果表明,各水土保持林的水源涵养能力均明显高于农耕地;不同水土保持林结构模式的水源涵养效益也有较大差异。最后提出了桤柏混交林、湿地松林、桤木林等优良水土保持林结构模式,为当地的生态环境建设,特别是当前正在进行的退耕还林工程的模式选择提供了依据。     

宁夏半干旱地区梯田土壤水分动态变化规律研究

水平梯田是控制坡耕地水土流失和实现旱作区农业高产与稳产的根本措施之一，我国梯田建设已有几千年的历史，在分析和总结现有资料的基础上，对彭阳县水平梯田土壤水分的时空变化规律进行定点观测，分析，阐述梯田土壤水分季节变化的4个时期和垂直变化的3个层次变化规律。提出了不同时期梯田的水分情况为作物栽培提供依据。     

广西岩溶山区番荔枝栽培技术

通过调查研究,总结广西石灰岩山区番荔枝栽培的成功经验,借鉴区外番荔枝栽培经营及研究的最新成果,结合广西岩溶山区的特点,从番荔枝的生物学特性与适生环境、实生苗培育、嫁接苗培育、整地造林、合理施肥、除草抚育与生草栽培、整形修剪、人工授粉与保花保果、病虫害防治及果实采收等方面介绍番荔枝在广西岩溶山区的栽培经营技术。     

黄土高原区不同密度刺槐林冠层结构特征及月动态变化

为合理经营黄土高原区刺槐人工林,利用LAI-2200植物冠层分析仪,研究了不同密度刺槐人工林冠层结构特征及月变化。结果表明:密度对LAI(叶面积指数)有影响,随着密度的增加,林分叶面积指数趋于一致;在生长月份上,LAI为先增后降趋势,最大值出现在6月底。密度与冠层开度呈显著负相关,随着密度的增加,刺槐林DIFN明显降低,925～1 125株/hm2与其他3个密度林分有显著性差异;DIFN(无截取散射)随月份的变化均呈"V"字型变化,在6月底至8月初DIFN最低。密度与MTA(平均叶倾角)呈显著正相关,密度在925～1 125株/hm2范围的刺槐林分,叶片几乎处于水平状态,其他3种密度林分MTA均在40°～50°之间有最大分布频率,而月份对MTA影响不显著。对叶面积指数与冠层开度进行回归分析,发现两者之间呈指数回归关系(R2=0.998)。     

高校引导大学生扎根林区的对策研究

对林区人力资源现状和影响大学生到林区就业的因素进行了分析,提出了高校引导大学生扎根林区的对策。     

CMC粘接法制备柱状成型活性炭

以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)为粘接剂制备了柱状成型活性炭,研究了炭化温度、CMC添加量对产物吸附性能、孔结构及强度的影响。结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高,柱状成型活性炭的比表面积、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值均呈现下降趋势;随着CMC添加量的增加,柱状成型活性炭的比表面积、总孔容、微孔容、平均孔径及亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值及对甲苯的吸附能力均逐渐降低,其强度逐渐增大。CMC粘接法制备柱状成型活性炭的最佳工艺为炭化温度200℃,CMC添加量10%,产物比表面积可达844.9 m2/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值分别为189.2及968.2 mg/g,强度可达99.83%,甲苯的吸附率达65.5%。     

The effects of belowground resources on aboveground allometric growth in Bornean tree species

Tree height and crown allometries reflect adaptations for resource acquisition and structural stability, as well as plastic responses to a heterogeneous environment. While both light and soil resources limit growth and influence competitive responses in tropical forests, the effects of belowground resources on allometries are less understood, especially within the understory. To characterize outcomes of tree competition along an edaphic resource gradient, we quantified variation in height and crown allometries of six Bornean tree species from contrasting regeneration niches (light-demanding vs. shade-tolerant) on two soil habitats (clay-fine loam and sandy loam) within a 52-ha forest dynamics plot. Using empirically-fit allometric parameters and diameter growth rates from plot census data, we modeled tree height and crown area growth over the projected life span of each species. Based on resource competition theory, we hypothesized that tree species specializing on and populations of generalist species growing on the relatively moister, more fertile clay-fine loam soil habitat would have faster height and crown growth rates, compared to those on the sandy loam habitat, regardless of regeneration niche. Among soil specialists and within generalists of both genera, trees growing on clay-fine loam had taller stems and larger crowns at a given age and faster height and crown area growth rates at most sizes than trees on sandy loam. Differences in height and crown growth were driven by the faster diameter growth rates of trees on clay-fine loam, not by differences in height- and crown-diameter allometries, as trees on sandy loam were significantly taller at a given diameter, and differences in crown allometry were not consistent across soil habitats. Characterizing the height and crown growth responses of trees along resource gradients provides insight into the mechanisms that maintain diversity in tropical forests. Our results point to the importance of adaptive and plastic responses to both above and belowground resource availability in determining the allometric growth of trees and suggest that this diversity of responses may contribute tree species coexistence through competition-based trade-off mechanisms and variation in growth among individuals. Additionally, as the importance estimating natural carbon sequestration increases with the escalating effects of anthropogenic climate change, differences in tree growth and architecture across soil habitats also have implications for the approximation of forest carbon storage on heterogeneous tropical soils.     

Comparison of Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys, basal area models, and fitting methods for the aspen forest type in Minnesota

The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit of the U.S. Forest Service has collected, compiled, and made available plot data from three measurement periods (identified as 1977, 1990, and 2003, respectively) within Minnesota. Yet little if any research has compared the relative utility of these datasets for developing empirical yield models. This paper compares these and other subdatasets in the context of fitting a basal area (B) yield model to plot data from the aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest type. In addition, several models and fitting methods are compared for their applicability and stability over time. Results suggest that the three parent datasets, along with their subdatasets, provide very similar three parameter B yield model prediction capability, but as model complexity increases, variability in coefficient estimates increases between datasets. The absence of data for older aspen stands and the inherent noise within B data prevented the exact determination of an overall best model. However, the model B = b₁S^b₂(1 − exp( − b₃A)) with site index (S) and stand age (A) as predictors was found consistently among the highest in precision and stability. Additionally, nonlinear least squares and nonlinear mixed-effects fitting procedures produced similar model fits, but the latter is preferred for its potential to improve model projections. The results indicate little practical difference between datasets from different time periods and different sizes when used for fitting the models. Additionally, these results will likely extend to other states or regions with similar remeasurement data on aspen and other forest types, thus facilitating the development of other ecological models focused on forest management.     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.