微波功率对蛋清蛋白粉乳化特性的影响

【目的】研究微波真空冷冻干燥不同功率（100~500 W）对蛋清蛋白粉乳化特性的影响,为生产高品质蛋清蛋白粉提供参考。【方法】通过乳化性、Zeta电位、粒径、浊度以及傅里叶变换红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、扫描电镜、光学显微镜探究微波真空冷冻干燥不同功率对蛋清蛋白粉乳化特性和结构的影响。【结果】乳化性分析表明：随着微波功率的增加,蛋清蛋白粉乳液的乳化性和Zeta电位绝对值先增加后减小,平均粒径和浊度先降低后增加（P<0.05）,其中微波功率为300 W时,蛋清蛋白粉乳液的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数均达到最大值,分别为62.35 m²/g和33.53 min;平均粒径最小,为1 203.67 nm,蛋清蛋白粉乳液粒度分布呈现单峰曲线,蛋白质更均匀地分布在乳液中。结构分析表明：随着微波功率的增加,蛋清蛋白粉二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量降低,β-转角相对含量先增加后降低;最大荧光发射强度降低,最大发射波长发生蓝移,蛋清蛋白粉微观结构展开程度先增加后减小,乳液液滴直径先减小后增大;其中微波功率为300 W时,蛋清蛋白粉乳液液滴直径最小且分布最均匀,蛋清蛋白表面展开程度最大,质地最疏松。【结论】微波真空冷冻干燥功率对蛋清蛋白粉乳化特性的影响显著,采用300 W微波功率处理蛋清蛋白,可显著改善其乳化特性。     

卤虫卵化学成分的分离与分析

本试验对卤虫卵的化学成分进行分离和分析。卤虫卵的含油量为7．1％，油中不皂化物的含量为4．9％，主要为胆甾醇。脂肪酸中含有较大量的油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸。卤虫卵含蛋白质为20．9％，还含有多种氨基酸。     

养殖曼氏无针乌贼白色卵膜营养成分分析及评价

测定分析并评价了养殖曼氏无针乌贼（ Sepiella maindroni）白色卵膜（WEM）的营养成分。结果表明,WEM （鲜样）中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为92.34％、1.76％、5.28％和0.34％。WEM（干样）中氨基酸（AA）总量为55.53％,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）总量为19.85％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（NEAA）的比值为65.6％,构成比例符合 FAO/ WHO 规定的优质蛋白质标准;鲜味氨基酸（ DTAA）总量为29.53％。WEM的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸（Phe ＋ Tyr）,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为38.03。脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）占19.21％。矿物质含量丰富,尤其以磷（P）质量分数最高（1423.2 mg·kg -1）。结果表明,WEM 营养组分较为全面,与野生黑色卵膜（BEM）的营养成分进行对比分析发现,在氨基酸组成、必需氨基酸和无机元素质量分数等方面存在差异,这种差异是否是导致白化受精卵孵化率降低的关键因素有待进一步研究。     

菊黄东方鲀发育早期的脂肪酸组成变化

采用生化分析手段对菊黄东方鲀的未受精卵、胚胎(出膜前,受精后80~85 h)、初孵仔鱼(0日龄)、开口前仔鱼(3日龄)的脂肪酸组成和含量进行了检测和分析。结果显示,菊黄东方鲀卵和鱼苗的水分含量随着个体发育出现升高趋势,而鱼苗总脂含量随着个体发育显著下降。各发育阶段的干样中检出8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、7种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和12种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。菊黄东方鲀未受精卵脂肪酸组成与其亲本卵巢非常相似;胚胎期的脂肪酸利用率高低顺序为SFA(15.08%)、MUFA(14.46%)、n6PUFA(10.20%)和n3PUFA(0.19%),以C16:0、C16:1、C18:1n9c和C18:2n6c为主要能量来源,n3PUFA被优先保存,特别是DHA得到完全保留;孵化后,在内源性营养阶段,仔鱼对n3PUFA利用迅速上升,仔鱼开口前的脂肪酸利用率高低顺序与胚胎期正好相反:n3PUFA(19.60%)、n6PUFA(16.98%)、SFA(13.50%)和MUFA(13.01%),以C18:2n6c、C22:5n3(DPA)、C20:5n3(EPA)、C22:6n3(DHA)、C18:1n9c和C16:0为主要能量来源,其中仔鱼对DHA实际利用量为最高(14.44 mg/g),仔鱼在开口前期n3PUFA(特别是DHA)被大量利用消耗。研究表明,菊黄东方鲀仔鱼发育需要消耗大量的n3PUFA(特别是DHA和EPA),并建议在菊黄东方鲀苗种培育开口阶段及时增加富含EPA和DHA饵料的投喂量,如海水的轮虫、藻类强化过的卤虫幼体,缓解苗种开口阶段成活率低下的问题。     

Improved performance of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, larvae after ozone disinfection of the eggs

Ozone (O₃) dissolved in seawater (ODS) was evaluated, as an egg disinfectant, on the spawn of captive gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, brood stock. Four contact times (CT) were tested (0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 mg min L⁻¹) where CT was calculated by multiplying the dissolved O₃ concentration (0.3 mg L⁻¹) by different exposure periods (2, 4, 8, 16 min). There was also a disinfected seawater treatment that contained no O₃ or derived compounds (CT 0) and an untreated seawater control. All ODS treatments reduced egg surface bacterial counts to zero, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the CT 0 and the control groups (194 and 1320 plate⁻¹ respectively). Nevertheless, the hatching rate was high in the control and the CT treatments 0, 0.6 and 1.2 (88.7%, 87.3%, 89.5% and 83.7% respectively) while eggs exposed to a CT 2.4 and 4.8 hatched poorly (36.5% and 20.4% respectively), which was likely due, at least in part, to larvae unable to break the egg chorion successfully. Swim‐bladder inflation was significantly higher in the ODS groups (>97%) compared with the control and CT 0 treatments (ca. 70%). The results suggest that a 2‐min exposure of eggs to 0.3 mg O₃ L⁻¹ of ODS (CT 0.6) would improve current protocols in marine larviculture.     

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on egg hatching success,egg production and population growth of the calanoid copepod,Acartia grani (Calanoida: Acartiidae)

Calanoid copepods, including species of the genus Acartia, are commonly used as larval diets for marine finfish. This study aimed to determine the separate effects of water temperature (18, 22, 24, 28° ± 0.5°C) and photoperiod (24L:0D; 18L:6D; 12L:12D; 8L:18D; 0L:24D) on Acartia grani egg production (EP), hatching rate (EHR) and population growth. Egg production rate was not affected by the two abiotic parameters. A. grani eggs incubated at T24°C and T28°C were the first to achieve 50% hatching rate (23–25 hr), with significant differences at the end of the experiment (48 hr) between T28°C treatment (EHR 88 ± 5%) and T18°C treatment (EHR 65 ± 2%). However, different temperature regimes did not affect final number of individuals in population growth experiment. Still, when eggs were excluded from data, population at lower temperatures (18°C) was mainly composed by the nauplii stage (72%), while at higher temperatures (24°C and 28°C) more than 60% of the population was composed by copepodites and adults. A. grani subjected to long‐day photoperiods had significantly lower EHR (16.7% at 24L:0D; 20.8% at 18L:6D) than at short‐day photoperiods (52.6% at 6L:18D; 50.0% at 0L:24D). In population growth experiment, eggs were the most common life stage after 12‐day culture. Lowest population number was found at constant light conditions (665.0 ± 197.1), suggesting higher metabolic rates and depletion of energy reserves in long‐day conditions. This study expanded knowledge on the biological response of A. grani to separate temperature and photoperiod regimes, and provided ground to improve the culture of this potential life feed species for hatcheries.     

抗奶牛乳房炎高免卵黄抗体的研制

奶牛乳房炎是影响奶牛的三大主要疾病之一,临床上将本病分为临床型及隐性型。本试验将2种临床类型中4种病原菌按比例配制成复合菌苗,对60只390日龄的健康蛋鸡进行免疫接种,提取卵黄制成抗奶牛乳房炎卵黄抗体。并进行了初步临床应用试验,结果显示高免卵黄抗体对奶牛乳房炎的治疗有较好的效果。     

小体鲟卵黄雌性蛋白分离纯化及抗血清的研制

采用凝胶柱层析法,对小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenusLinnaeus)卵黄蛋白粗提液进行分离纯化。小体鲟卵黄蛋白粗提液的质量浓度为25.04 mg/mL,经Sephadex G-200层析后出现3个蛋白峰。用聚丙烯凝胶电泳、免疫印迹(Western-blotting)和免疫扩散等方法研究表明,小体鲟卵黄蛋白由分子量分别为132.1 kD、97.4 kD、85.9 kD、67.0 kD、59.2 kD、47.6 kD、30 kD、14.3 kD和12.8 kD的9个亚基组成;层析后峰B蛋白为卵黄雌性特异蛋白(yolk female specific protein,YFSP),是一种糖脂磷蛋白,具有雌性特异性和组织特异性,抗体具有种属特异性。Western-blotting结果表明,卵黄雌性特异蛋白(YFSP)与血清雌性蛋白(FSSP)免疫印迹图谱上都显示分子量为97.4 kD和30 kD的2条杂交带,可见两种蛋白在免疫原性上具有相似性,可以用卵黄雌性蛋白抗血清代替卵黄蛋白原抗血清对卵黄蛋白原进行检测     

螺虫乙酯抑制西花蓟马卵孵化的蛋白质组学分析

【目的】前期研究发现,螺虫乙酯处理西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)0 h卵24 h后,造成卵壳破裂从而抑制卵孵化出若虫。本研究旨在探究螺虫乙酯处理西花蓟马0 h卵24 h后引起卵形态结构发生变化的原因,寻找螺虫乙酯抑制西花蓟马0 h卵孵化的关键蛋白,揭示螺虫乙酯抑制西花蓟马卵孵化的分子机制。【方法】以西花蓟马0 h卵为研究对象,使用浓度为14.42 mg·L^-1的螺虫乙酯处理24 h后,采用无标记定量(Label-free)蛋白质组学技术分析螺虫乙酯处理组与对照组之间的差异表达蛋白。利用Gene Ontology(GO)富集分析和KEGG通路分析对筛选出的差异表达蛋白进行功能注释和通路分析等生物信息学分析,并通过平行反应监测(PRM)技术验证差异蛋白的表达量。【结果】螺虫乙酯处理后共有204个蛋白差异表达,其中124个蛋白表达量上调,80个蛋白表达量下调。生物信息学分析表明,上调的差异表达蛋白主要参与物质合成和代谢通路,下调的差异表达蛋白主要参与对外界刺激的防御反应通路。此外,利用PRM技术对差异表达蛋白进行鉴定,结果表明螺虫乙酯处...     

Effects of high dose of vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Broodstock were fed experimental pellets containing two levels of vitamin A [11 × 10³ IU/100 g (control diet; CD), 337 × 10³ IU/100 g (experimental diet; ED)] for approximately 2 months before spawning and during the spawning period. Two groups of five females (average weight 1.4 kg) and 10 males (average weight 0.7 kg) were randomly allocated to two 30 m³ indoor tanks. Total egg production of the CD group was slightly higher than the ED group. Percentage of buoyant eggs and hatching rate of the ED group were significantly higher than the CD. In other egg quality parameters, such as percentage abnormal larvae and starvation tolerance of larvae, no notable difference was found between these two groups. At the end of the experiment, the skin color of broodstock in the ED group was darker than that of the CD group. Vitamin A content in eggs of the ED group was significantly higher than that of the CD group. However, the difference in vitamin A content in eggs between the ED and CD groups was much smaller than that in the liver of the females between the two groups. These results indicate that feeding broodstock a higher level of vitamin A increases the vitamin A content in eggs but does not affect egg quality in Japanese flounder because excess dietary vitamin A was stored mainly in the broodstocks' liver.