杂交旱稻丰产节水栽培关键技术研究与集成应用

针对安徽沿淮地区气候特点,通过试验筛选出适宜沿淮地区旱种旱管栽培,丰产性和稳产性较好的旱稻品种5个,节水耐旱型水稻品种7个;明确了沿淮地区以旱优73为代表的杂交旱稻的丰产节水栽培技术:播种期6月5-12日,播种量2.0 kg/667 m~2左右,氮肥用量10~14 kg/667 m~2;在施肥过程中适当降低基蘖肥用量、增施穗粒肥,基、蘖、穗肥比例以4∶4∶2较好。     

苏粳815机插高产形成特点及其配套精确定量栽培技术

通过综合高产试验和机插行株距规格与氮肥组合试验,分析了苏粳815高产形成的特点,明确了其高产产量结构及其形成的主要生育指标,提出了目标产量650~700 kg/667 m~2相配套的精确定量栽培技术。     

不同种植方式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响

为探索不同种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运与分配特征及产量的影响,选用大穗型小麦品种农大1108为试验材料,研究在大田生产中主要的4种种植方式(穴播、撒播、窄幅条播和宽幅条播)对冬小麦花后各器官干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,4种种植方式下花后各器官的干物质积累量变化趋势基本一致,且均表现为窄幅条播显著高于其他3组处理;窄幅条播主要通过提高花后干物质同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率而获得高产;与宽幅条播相比,窄幅条播花后营养器官干物质积累量及干物质在籽粒中的积累量分别增加45.59%和19.44%;与穴播和撒播相比,窄幅条播产量分别提高17.25%和11.39%;花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率表现为穴播最高,达到80.26%。不同种植方式对冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率影响不大,表现为各处理间千粒重差异不显著。     

水分亏缺对不同小麦品种N、P、K分布与产量的影响

为明确华北地区不同小麦品种在正常和缺水条件下N、P、K的吸收利用特点,进一步实现资源高效利用,选用3个不同生态类型品种(沧麦6001、邯麦9、济麦22),设置相对含水量分别为60%~80%(正常)和40%~60%(亏缺)两个浇灌水平,进行人工气候室箱体栽培试验,测定各小麦品种不同器官N、P、K含量和分配、干物质积累以及对籽粒产量构成要素的影响。结果表明,N、P、K含量和分配具有明显的器官特性,其中籽粒N和P含量显著高于其他部位,K含量最低。水分亏缺限制了沧麦6001籽粒N和K的吸收,同时促进了N和P向籽粒的转运;限制了邯麦9茎秆K的吸收,促进了P向颖壳的转运;限制了济麦22叶片、籽粒P的吸收,同时促进了N向颖壳和籽粒的转运,从而改变了小麦不同部位养分比例平衡以及干物质积累。N、P含量与干物质积累呈显著正相关,K含量与其呈显著负相关,但均未直接影响产量及其构成要素。亏缺灌溉下(亏缺量为24.39mm),邯麦9穗数、产量及济麦22穗数显著降低,而沧麦6001穗数、穗粒数和产量显著提高。因此,适度控制水分并提高营养元素向籽粒的转运效率是提高小麦产量和品质的重要途径。     

不同氮效率小麦品种临界氮浓度模型与营养诊断研究

为探讨不同氮效率小麦品种临界氮浓度模型的差异和开展小麦氮素营养诊断研究,基于两年大田试验,以不同氮效率小麦品种周麦27(高氮高效)、豫麦49-198(低氮高效)和矮抗58(低氮低效)为研究对象,系统分析了不同氮效率小麦品种地上部生物量、地上部氮含量和氮素营养指数的变化规律。结果表明,不同氮效率小麦品种地上部生物量和地上部氮含量均随施氮量的增加而增加,临界氮浓度(N_C)与地上部最大干物质(DM)均呈幂函数关系(N_C=aDM~(-b)),且氮高效型品种模型的两个参数(a和b)值均大于氮低效型品种。经检验,模型的标准化均方根误差分别为13.87%(周麦27)、7.7%(豫麦49-198)和13.02%(矮抗58),通过临界氮浓度模型所建立的氮素营养指数推荐的麦田施肥量均在120~225kg·hm~(-2)范围,其中周麦27和豫麦49-198的推荐施肥量分别为225和120kg·hm~(-2),矮抗58的推荐施肥量介于二者之间。     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

内共生菌Buchnera对桃蚜生长发育的影响

为明确桃蚜内共生菌Buchnera aphidicola对桃蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响,为有效控制桃蚜提供新的思路,本试验以十字花科(萝卜)、茄科(辣椒)和葫芦科(黄瓜)蔬菜为试材,比较健康桃蚜和利福平处理后的桃蚜在3种蔬菜上的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明,不同浓度利福平处理后桃蚜Buchnera的DNAK基因表达量均显著降低;200μg·m L-1利福平处理后的桃蚜产蚜量、寿命和体重都显著低于健康桃蚜。说明桃蚜的内共生菌Buchnera在其生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用,降低内共生菌的量对桃蚜可产生不利影响。     

Carbohydrate and crude protein fractions in perennial ryegrass as affected by defoliation frequency and nitrogen application rate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of defoliation frequency (either at two‐ or three‐leaf stage) and nitrogen (N) application rate (0, 75, 150, 300, 450 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) on herbage carbohydrate and crude protein (CP) fractions, and the water‐soluble carbohydrate‐to‐protein ratio (WSC:CP) in perennial ryegrass swards. Crude protein fractions were analysed according to the Cornell carbohydrate and protein system. Carbohydrate fractions were analysed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography. Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP, reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage (P < 0·001). The effect of defoliation frequency was less marked during early spring and autumn (P < 0·001) than for the rest of the seasons. An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC, fructans and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0·001), and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐NO₃) contents of herbage. Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage (P > 0·05). The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC:CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1). The herbage WSC:CP ratio was greater (P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons (P < 0·001). The results of this study indicate that CP and carbohydrate fractions of herbage can be manipulated by sward defoliation frequency and N application rate. The magnitude of these effects, however, may vary with the season.     

不同柱花草绿肥种质磷含量差异研究

柱花草是世界热区重要的绿肥与牧草兼用的豆科作物。作为豆科绿肥,磷含量是影响绿肥品质的重要指标。本文对134份柱花草绿肥种质的磷含量进行了分析评价,结果表明,供试的134份柱花草绿肥种质有133份种质磷含量在0.3%以下,这些柱花草的磷含量达到四级有机肥磷含量标准,仅有1份柱花草种质的磷含量高于0.3%,其磷含量达到三级有机肥磷含量标准。     

五指山耕地土壤养分现状调查与评价

为了明确海南山区耕地土壤养分空间分布特征,为热带山区耕地土壤养分管理提供思路。以海南五指山市耕地为研究对象,采用野外调查、采样和室内分析相结合的方法,阐述土壤养分现状,探讨其土壤养分分布规律。结果表明：五指山耕地土壤总体呈酸性,其pH值为5.1;土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和中量元素(钙、镁、硫)含量均为中等或偏下水平,土壤有效铜和有效锌含量较为丰富。五指山耕地土壤酸化和养分含量分布不均主要与气候、母质分布和施肥不平衡有关。