氮肥形态对香蕉种植土壤中氨氧化细菌与古菌的影响

氨氧化微生物通过影响氮素在土壤中的转化而间接影响作物对不同氮素形态的吸收。因此,本实验采集了海南省种植香蕉的滨海土壤,通过施用硫酸铵和硝酸钙,研究了氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的数量与群落的变化,并测定了香蕉的生长与氮营养状况。通过构建氨氧化细菌和古菌的功能基因amo A文库后发现:施用硫酸铵的土壤中AOB的amo A基因拷贝数显著高于施用硝酸钙的土壤和不施肥的土壤,而AOA的拷贝数低于硝酸钙与不施肥处理。但是氨氧化古菌AOA的绝对数量都高于AOB。施用硫酸铵的土壤中AOB的群落多样性和丰富度明显增加,而施用硝酸钙的土壤却没有发生显著变化。施用硫酸铵和硝酸钙的土壤中AOA群落结构相似,但丰富度和多样性均高于不施肥处理。从施肥效果看,相比硫酸铵,硝酸钙显著提高了香蕉植株的生物量和全氮含量。上述结果表明,在南方酸性土壤中AOA占优势,虽然施用铵态氮肥可以促进AOB的丰度与多样性,但是很可能会抑制AOA的数量。因此,在海南滨海土中施用铵态氮肥后,通过硝化作用以满足香蕉吸收硝态氮的需求达不到理想的效果,应直接补充硝态氮肥来促进香蕉生长。     

Fixation of carbon dioxide by chemoautotrophic bacteria in grassland soil under dark conditions

Grassland is one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. However, while CO₂ fixation by phototrophic bacteria is relatively well studied, little is known about microbial CO₂ fixation without light by chemoautotrophic bacteria in grassland soils. Therefore, in this study, the isotope ¹⁴C-CO₂ was used to investigate the CO₂-fixing process in grassland soils. Soil samples were collected from both fenced and adjacent continuous grazing grassland sites in Inner Mongolia and then incubated for 120 days under dark conditions. Meanwhile, the cbbL genes (red- and green-like) were analyzed to isolate chemoautotrophic bacteria, which are responsible for CO₂ fixation. After incubation, ¹⁴C was fixed into soil organic carbon (¹⁴C-SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (¹⁴C-MBC) were found in both the fenced and grazing soils, and the fixation rate of ¹⁴C-SOC in the fenced soils (48.55‰) was significantly higher than in the grazing soils (22.11‰). The fixation rate of ¹⁴C-MBC in the fenced soils (14.05‰) was higher than in the grazing soils (7.08‰), but the difference was not significant. The red-like cbbL genes could be detected in all the soil samples, but the green-like cbbL genes could not be amplified. A greater number of identified operational taxonomic units were observed in the fenced soils compared with the grazing soils. The chemoautotrophic bacteria were mainly affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. However, Chloroflexi was detected in only the fenced soils. The results suggested that CO₂ fixation by chemoautotrophic bacteria might be significant in carbon cycling in grassland.     

小麦纹枯病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从河南、北京等地采集小麦植株,分离得到202株内生芽孢杆菌,平板拮抗测定获得27株对小麦纹枯病菌拮抗效果明显的菌株。温室盆栽测定了27个菌株对小麦纹枯病的生防效果,其中菌株M-1、W-2和W-3的防治效果分别为60.4%、59.4%和56.6%。对3株生防菌株进行了分类学鉴定,M-1为多粘类芽孢杆菌,W-2为地衣芽孢杆菌,W-3为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

棉花苗期根腐类病害生防细菌的筛选与鉴定

【目的】从新疆棉田中筛选对棉花苗期根腐类病害具有较强拮抗作用的生防细菌,为棉花苗期根腐类病害生物防治奠定基础。【方法】采用平板对峙法,测定实验室保存的多株生防细菌的抑菌能力,通过田间试验,验证其防治棉花苗期根腐类病害的效果。对生防细菌的16S rDNA基因序列与gyrA基因序列分别测序,通过BLAST在线比对,利用MEGA 7.0构建系统发育树,确定该生防菌株的分类地位。【结果】生防细菌TWt34、HWt34对棉花苗期根腐类病害(立枯病和红腐病)防治效果分别为76.74%和78.43%;在平板对峙对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani) 和拟轮枝镰孢霉(Fusarium verticilliodes)的抑菌宽度分别为8.29和6.60 mm,具有较强拮抗作用,对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)的抑菌宽度分别为7.70 和13.15 mm,也具有明显抑制作用。16S rDNA与gyrA基因序列鉴定表明生防菌菌株TWt34、HWt34同属于莫海威芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis)。【结论】筛选出的2株莫海威芽孢杆菌TWt34、HWt34对棉花4种主要病害的病原菌具有较强的抑制作用,能够有效防治2种棉花苗期根腐类病害(立枯病和红腐病)。     

The effect of lactic acid bacterial starter culture and chemical additives on wilted rice straw silage

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are suitable for rice straw silage fermentation, but have been studied rarely, and rice straw as raw material for ensiling is difficult because of its disadvantages, such as low nutrition for microbial activities and low abundances of natural populations of LAB. So we investigated the effect of application of LAB and chemical additives on the fermentation quality and microbial community of wilted rice straw silage. Treatment with chemical additives increased the concentrations of crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), acetic acid and lactic acid, reduced the concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but did not effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms. Inoculation with LABs did not improve the nutritional value of the silage because of poor growth of LABs in wilted rice straw. Inoculation with LAB and addition of chemical materials improved the quality of silage similar to the effects of addition of chemical materials alone. Growth of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria was inhibited by this mixed treatment and the LAB gradually dominated the microbial community. In summary, the fermentation quality of wilted rice straw silage had improved by addition of LAB and chemical materials.     

低硝中式香肠中复合抗氧化剂的配方优化

为减少亚硝酸盐在中式香肠中的用量,以茶多酚、壳聚糖、生育酚复配复合抗氧化剂,以中式香肠储藏期间的pH、TBA值、酸价和过氧化值为考察指标,采用正交试验优化低硝中式香肠中复合抗氧化剂的配方。结果表明,复合抗氧化剂可以部分取代亚硝酸盐,其最优配方为:茶多酚添加量0.10 g/kg,壳聚糖添加量1 g/kg,生育酚添加量0.03 g/kg,亚硝酸钠添加量0.04 g/kg;该配方下制得的低硝中式香肠的抗氧化效果明显优于单一使用亚硝酸钠的对照组。     

新疆某地奶牛隐性乳房炎病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

本研究对新疆昌吉郊区部分奶牛场进行调查,从两个大型奶牛场集乳样,主要针对患有隐性乳房炎的奶牛,共采集120份乳样进行细菌分离鉴定并选择主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明,导致奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要致病菌有葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、肠杆菌属,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌共71株,占55.04%;牛链球菌18株,占13.95%;大肠杆菌1株,占0.78%。这些致病菌对环丙沙星、新生霉素等药物有很高的敏感性,而对青霉素、链霉素、杆菌肽和多粘菌素已经产生耐药性。     

细菌耐药性产生的原因、机制及防治措施

20世纪40年代青霉素的问世将人类带入了抗生素时代,抗感染治疗由此进入了新纪元,感染性疾病的病死率大大降低。半个世纪以来,人类一直把抗菌药物作为抗感染治疗最有力的武器。然而随着抗菌药物的广泛应用,感染性疾病的治疗又遇到了新的挑战——细菌对抗生素产生了耐药性,而此种耐药性表现为抗菌药物使用得越多耐药性亦变得越严重。目前已发现某些细菌对现有的几乎全部抗菌药物产生耐药,超级细菌的出现使人类有可能再次回到面临感染而无药可医的困境,控制细菌耐药性的增长已成为医学界乃至全人类的当务之急。正在逐渐建立自己的细菌耐药监测网络,监测细菌耐药的流行状况和规律,研究细菌产生耐药性的机制。     

几株优良乳酸菌耐受特性研究

对4株分离自川西牧区自然发酵乳中的优良乳酸菌的耐酸能力、耐胆酸盐能力、耐渗透压能力、拮抗肠道病原菌能力和对医用药物敏感性等耐受性进行了研究。结果表明,4株优良乳酸菌均有一定程度的抗逆能力,可以结合其优良的发酵特性和抗逆特性,研究开发新型发酵乳。     

红树内生细菌菌株Kc-38的抗菌物质及对采后芒果炭疽病的防效

Kc-38菌株是本实验室从红树植物秋茄Kandelia candel体内分离得到的内生细菌,对峙生长法测定发现该菌株对芒果炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum等多种植物病原菌具有较强的抑制作用.根据菌体形态、培养特性、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列分析将该菌株初步鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.该菌株对芒果炭疽病具有良好的防效,用菌株发酵液及发酵上清液处理9d后,对采后芒果炭疽病的防效分别达到65.12%和62.79%.进一步研究表明,其分泌的胞外抗菌物质为一类对热稳定和抗紫外照射的蛋白类物质,在pH2.0～11.0范围内均具有抑菌作用,以pH2.0～8.0范围内的抗菌活性较强.