Ostrich meat: Production,quality parameters,and nutritional comparison to other types of meats

The poultry industry is considered one of the most efficient industries in producing animal protein. Poultry production consists of several main segments: broilers, commercial eggs, turkeys, ducks, and other poultry, including geese, guinea-fowl, pheasants, quail, and ratites. Currently, ostrich meat is marketed as a healthy red meat because it is characterized by high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, low saturated fatty acid content, and low cholesterol level compared with red meats, such as beef, while tasting similar to lean beef. Ostrich meat contains lower sodium and higher iron contents than other kinds of meat, making it preferable to hypertensive people and those with anemia. Taken together, ostrich meat is considered as an ideal red meat for individuals seeking healthier lifestyle. Moreover, many different ostrich products, such as leather and feathers, are used by people. The current review paper considers the quality characteristics of ostrich meat, including physical traits, and compares it to other types of meats, such as bovine and other poultry meats.     

多叶苜蓿自交二代农艺性状分析

多叶苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的形态特征与苜蓿的产量和品质有直接关系,建立多叶苜蓿自交系进一步研究评估苜蓿多叶性状的遗传特性和规律,为多叶苜蓿新品系的选育提供科学依据。筛选多叶苜蓿自交亲本,进行亲本选配,田间试验观察测量多叶苜蓿自交S2代的多叶率、株高等农艺性状,与亲本材料进行比较分析。发现多叶苜蓿自交S2代农艺性状变异较为丰富,变异系数达19.54%~55.66%,分离出单株多叶率达100%的单株,S2群体生长速率变缓,多叶性状的表达呈多样化。     

Genetic analysis for sow stayability at different parities in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs

Genetic parameters for sow stayability were estimated from farrowing records of 10,295 Landrace sows and 8192 Large White sows. The record for sow stayability from parity k to parity k + 1 (k = 1, …, 6) was 0 when a sow had a farrowing record at parity k but not at parity k + 1, and 1 when a sow had both records. Heritability was estimated by using single-trait linear and threshold animal models. Genetic correlations among parities were estimated by using two-trait linear–linear and single-trait random regression linear animal models. Genetic correlations with litter traits at birth were estimated by using a two-trait linear–linear animal model. Heritability estimates by linear model analysis were low (0.065–0.119 in Landrace & 0.061–0.157 in Large White); those by threshold model analysis were higher (0.136–0.200 & 0.110–0.283). Genetic correlations among parities differed between breeds and models. Genetic correlation between sow stayability and number born alive was positive in many cases, implying that selection for number born alive does not reduce sow stayability. The results seem to be affected by decisions on culling made by farmers.     

Effect of dietary probiotic,prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on performance,immune responses,intestinal morphology and bacterial populations in broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic (Primalac), prebiotic (TechnoMos) and synbiotic (Primalac + TechnoMos) supplementation on performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology and bacterial populations of ileum in broilers. A total of 240 one‐day‐old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups which included 60 birds. Control group did not receive any treatment. The chicks in the second, third and fourth groups were fed probiotic (0.9 g/kg), prebiotic (0.9 g/kg) and probiotic (0.9 g/kg) plus probiotic (0.9 g/kg; synbiotic), respectively, at entire period. Daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. The birds were immunized by sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on days 12 and 29 of age and serum antibody titres were measured on days 28, 35 and 42. Newcastle vaccines administered on days 9, 18 and 27 to chicks and blood samples were collected on day 42. Intestinal morphometric assessment and enumeration of intestinal bacterial populations were performed on day 42. The results indicated that consumption of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic had no significant effect on daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, intestinal morphology and bacterial populations of ileum (p > 0.05). Consumption of prebiotic increased total and IgM anti‐SRBC titres on days 28 and 42 and antibody titre against Newcastle virus disease on day 42 (p < 0.05). Synbiotic increased only total anti‐SRBC on day 28 (p < 0.05). It is concluded that consumption of prebiotic increased humoral immunity in broilers. Therefore, supplementation of diet with prebiotic for improvement of humoral immune responses is superior to synbiotic supplementation.     

中国现有葡萄品种叶片形态评价与分析

以中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所葡萄资源圃中保存的342个葡萄品种的成熟叶片为试材,采用度量性状与非度量性状相结合的调查方法,研究了供试葡萄品种的叶宽等9个度量性状和叶片形状等8个非度量性状,以期为进一步建立葡萄种质资源叶片性状数据库奠定基础。结果表明:现有栽培葡萄品种的叶片形状主要为楔形和五角形;9个度量性状具有明显的变异性,且与长度有关的度量性状变异系数均大于16.51%;主成分分析表明与长度有关的度量性状为第一主成分,与角度有关的为第二主成分,与比值有关的为第三主成分,累计贡献率达到77.186%。     

Improvement of Appearance Traits of elite Rice Zhenshan 97B by Molecular Introgression of Targeted about 800 kb Interval from Indica Rice Jiafuzhan Genome

Rice appearance trait is mainly mean grain length (GL), grain width (GW), ratio of length and width (L/W), chalkiness (CH) and transparence (TR). Appearance is the first impression, and rice appearance traits effect significantly the value of commodity. Hybrid rice is relatively low quality, especially on rice appearance quality,which restricts partially its extend and badly export of hybrid seed and rice in China.Shanyou 63, the most famous hybrid rice combination of China, could not be also sustainable application because of its poor qualities. In this studies, We attempt to improve appearance quality of the elite rice maintainer of Zhenshan 97B by using molecular approach of genomic interval targeted introgression. Three F2 populations were constructed to study the classical and molecular genetic of rice appearance traits, at the same time, molecular marker-asisted toimprove the main maintainer line, Zhenshan 97B were performed. There some following results:Three F2 populations were constructed based on crosses of Guangluai 4×Jiafuzhan (GJ popu.), Minghui 86×Jiafuzhan (MJ popu.) and Zhenshan 97B×Jiafuzhan (ZJ popu.). ZJ popu and GJ popu were produced to reconstruct the linkage maps related with rice appearance traits based on BSA, and detect QTL of target traits based on IM.In ZJ popu, 9 QTLs of target traits were detected. The interval, RM169～RM516 on Chromosome 5, was genetic locus of GW, L/W, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 10.9%, 14.9%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively.RM214 on chromosome 7, RM339 on chromosome 8 were genetic loci if CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.4%, 10.0%, 11.0% and 12.1%. besides there is a genetic locus, RM347, of G/W on chromosome 3, and the explained varance was 10.3%. In GJ popu, 5 QTLs of rice appearance traits were detected. The interval, RM169-RM516 on Chromosome 5, were also the genetic loci of GW, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. RM264～RM80 on chromosome 8 was the genetic loci of GW amd L/W,and the explained variances were 14.7% and 13.4%. The genotypes of all QTLs, except RM214, from Jiafuzhan contributed to improving riee appearance traits.The research was to improve the rice appearance quality of Zhenshan 97B by introgressing QTLs of rice appearance traits from Jiafuzhan, a donor parent, by means of MAS in the process of recurrent backcrossing, 4 SSR markers were used to detect the target genotypes from donor parent, and 70 SSR primers to identify the genetic background of recurrent parent. Consequently, there were 19 target individuals in BC3, in which the mean value of GL, GW, L/W, CH and BW were 6.06±0.04mm, 2.50±0.02mm, 2.43±0.02, 29.5±2.7 and 29.4±2.7%, respectively,and the mean homologous degree (HD) to recurrent parent is up to 98.22%. Compared to Zhenshan 97B, GL, CH and BW decreased 0.17 mm, 34.9% and 34.5% respectively and however L/W increased 0.19. which accounted separately for 25.37%, 54.79%, 54.57% and 10.50% of thedifference of every trait between two parents. It is very luckly to find a individual, 13BC2-3BC3 line, whose GL, GW, G/W, CH and BW were 6.04 mm, 2.43 mm, 2.49,2.5% and 2.5% separately, There is very important signification for it to be used in hybrid rice breeding improving appearance traits. In the research, MAS efficiency of 3 loci (with 4 markers ) was 5.68% and coincident degree was 73.08%.     

不同播种密度对地膜小麦重要农艺性状的影响

在天水地区大田设置6个播量水平,观测不同密度条件下地膜小麦群体重要农艺性状的变化规律,并与露地小麦相对照。结果表明：单株分蘖数、最高总茎数、基部节间长度是有规律的增加;地膜小麦的单株分蘖数、最高总茎数的变幅较小,而露地小麦的变幅较大;基部节间长度随密度的增加而增加,地膜小麦的增长较快;单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单位面积上的产量均随密度的变化而变化,但地膜小麦的变幅较小,而露地小麦的交幅较大;叶面积指数、叶片功能期,地膜小麦和露地在密度交化过程中表现出相同的趋势;籽粒饱满指数随密度增加而降低,二者有相同的趋势。而粒叶比则露地小麦的变幅较大;倒伏程度以露地小麦的变幅较大。     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...     

镜鲤体重的QTL定位

本研究利用217个微卫星标记和336个SNPs标记对德国镜鲤F2代68个个体基因组DNA进行基因型检测。其中507个标记共组成62个连锁群,覆盖基因组总长度为2805．85cM,标记问平均距离为6-31cM;利用软件MapQTL4．0采用区间作图法对体重性状进行QTL定位分析。研究结果共检测到14个与体重性状有关的QTLs,分布于9个连锁群。其中BIV-5-J有最大的LOD值,为4．46;BIV—I-1的LOD值最小,为2．25。单个QTL平均解释表型变异介于14．10％～45．50％之间,其中贡献率大于20％的主效QTLs有9个。通过BLASTX与斑马鱼蛋白质序列数据库进行序列比对,找到了与斑马鱼酰基辅酶A脱氢酶蛋白、胰淀粉酶仅2蛋白、Apoebprotein和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶蛋白同源的分子标记。本研究结果对分子标记辅助育种具有重要应用价值。     

灌水量和时期对不同品种冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响

为明确品种更替过程中冬小麦的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的变化规律,以及对水分胁迫的响应,于2010-2012两个生长季选取河南中北部建国以来不同年代的7个主栽品种为试验材料,在田间设置三个水分处理下(W0,返青后不灌水;W1,拔节期灌水;W2,拔节和灌浆期分别灌水),研究了冬小麦的耗水特性、产量构成因素、收获指数和水分利用效率的变化过程。研究结果表明:在冬小麦更替过程中,冬小麦总耗水和土壤贮水消耗与年代差异不显著,而受降雨和灌溉影响较大。从20世纪50年代至现在,90年代及以后的冬小麦品种千粒重在41g以上,明显高于早期品种。两年生长季冬小麦籽粒产量增加58.4%和41.8%,平均每次更替增加396和362kg/hm2;收获指数增加37.0%和18.0%,平均每次更替增加0.2和0.1;WUE增加55.3%和40.8%,平均每次更替增加0.11和0.10kg/m3。现代品种源、库关系得到改善,千粒重大幅度增加和收获指数增加是籽粒产量提高的主要原因。籽粒产量和WUE由品种和水分互作效应决定,在拔节期和灌浆期灌水可明显提高籽粒产量水平,并在一定程度上提高了水分利用效率。