九份紫色蓝色小麦的麦谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白和农艺性状分析

为了解紫色蓝色籽粒小麦的遗传背景及利用价值,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术,对9份紫色蓝色小麦品种(系)的麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白进行了分析。麦谷蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,9份材料的HMW-GS出现了8种亚基和6种亚基组合类型;Glu-A1位点的主要亚基为1亚基(66.7%),Glu-B1位点主要为7+8亚基(55.6%),优质14+15亚基频率为22.2%,Glu-D1位点,优质亚基5+10的频率为55.6%。主要亚基组合为1/7+8/5+10和Null/7+8/5+10。9份材料的LMW-GS共分离出17条带,其中有7条为共有条带,比例达到41.2%。醇溶蛋白的A-PAGE电泳结果显示,9份材料共分离出20条带,其中共有条带7条(35.0%);9份材料的LMW-GS和醇溶蛋白遗传多样性较低。聚类分析结果显示,9份材料的遗传距离为0.07~0.37,在遗传距离为0.22水平时,9份材料可分为4类,其中HR-1和NH-1,在0.07的水平上聚为一类。综合农艺性状特征、麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白分析,紫色籽粒材料漯珍1号、HR-1和NH-1,具有1和5+10优质亚基,可作为优良亲本在遗传和育种中加以研究利用。     

土优塔化学打顶剂对新疆棉花农艺性状及经济特性的影响

[目的]研究土优塔棉花打顶剂对棉花农艺性状、产量及纤维品质的影响,为化学打顶技术在新疆特早熟棉区的推广和应用提供科学依据.[方法]以新疆建设兵团第十师184团主栽棉花品种金垦5-6和新陆早62号为研究对象,以人工打顶为对照,于2013~2014年开展不同打顶时间(2013年为7月5日和7月15日,2014年为7月10和7月20日)、不同浓度(450、600、750、900和1050 mL/ha)土优塔打顶剂的棉花打顶对比试验,测定不同处理的棉花农艺性状、产量及品质性状等指标,并对各指标进行对比分析.[结果]喷施土优塔打顶剂后,棉株顶心内缩,停止生长,可在一定程度上抑制株高继续增长;多数化学打顶处理棉株叶龄数、果枝数和单铃重较对照增加,单铃数有增有减,衣分略微降低,籽棉产量和皮棉产量均有增有减.其中低浓度(450和600 mL/ha)土优塔打顶剂处理与对照相比,叶龄数增加2.00~4.00个,果枝数增加2.00~4.00台;2013年籽棉产量增加332~1014 kg/ha,皮棉产量增加124~377 kg/ha.品质分析结果表明,喷施打顶剂对棉花绒长影响较明显,对马克隆值、比强度、整齐度、伸长率、短纤维指数、成熟系数和纺织参数等品质指标影响不明显.[结论]低浓度(450和600 mL/ha)土优塔打顶剂处理对棉花的打顶效果较好,且对棉花品质基本无影响,可在新疆特早熟棉区推广应用.     

杂交早稻主要性状与产量的分析和研究

通过１５个杂交早稻组合生育期、单穴有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重对产量的回归、相关和通径分析［１，２］，认为影响杂交早稻产量的最重要因子为有效穗，其次是每穗总粒数和生育期。本文提出杂交早稻组合应符合“足穗、适粒和中熟”的要求。具体是：分蘖力强，有效穗多（单穴有效穗１０个以上），穗型中等偏大（每穗总粒数１２５粒左右），全生育期１１５ｄ结实率８０％以上，千粒重２６ｇ左右。     

利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型定位爆裂玉米膨爆特性QTL

 【目的】探讨爆裂玉米膨爆特性的分子遗传基础，为遗传改良和分子标记辅助选择提供有益信息。【方法】以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建259个F2﹕3家系群体，利用SSR标记构建分子标记遗传图谱，利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型和区间作图法对F2﹕3群体在两种环境条件下的膨爆特性进行了QTL定位和效应分析。【结果】构建的爆裂玉米SSR遗传连锁图谱包含183个标记，覆盖玉米基因组1762.2 cM，标记间平均距离为9.63 cM。爆裂玉米的膨爆特性是由效应不等的多基因控制的数量性状，同时受环境条件的影响。两种环境条件下共检测到18个爆花率QTL，17个膨化体积QTL和21个膨化倍数QTL。单个QTL可解释的表型变异介于4.4%～28.0%，可解释的表型总变异为65.8%～96.6%，基因的作用方式为加性、部分显性、显性和超显性的QTL数目分别为2、1、4、20和1、5、1、22，超显性在膨爆特性的遗传中起着最重要的作用。【结论】与以往膨爆特性以加性效应遗传为主的研究结果不一致的主要原因在于三倍体胚乳模型对显性效应的细分和对显性效应较小QTL的显性效应的高估。     

中缅树鼩头骨及下臼齿几何形态与环境的关系

共选取分布于云南、贵州和广西地区的190个中缅树鼩头骨和32颗臼齿(第二、第三下臼齿),运用几何形态测量法对其头骨侧面、腹面、背面及下颌侧面的形态特征进行主成分分析、薄片样条分析,同时运用统计软件SPSS15.0对头骨和臼齿进行多维尺度分析,以探讨头骨及臼齿形态与环境之间的关系.结果表明,头骨侧面在研究多种群头骨形态时更适宜,更有参考价值;经过薄片样条法分析显示形变多集中在鼻骨和臼齿,这可能与中缅树鼩生存的气候和地理环境相适应;经多维尺度分析显示云南、贵州和广西地区的中缅树鼩头骨具有明显的地区差异,同时,对臼齿的分析显示,臼齿形态具有地区差异,这种变化可能与中缅树鼩生活环境的经度和纬度有关.综上,云南、贵州和广西地区的中缅树鼩的头骨具有形态变异,并且差异仅仅发生在种群水平,这可能反映了其对特定生态环境的形态适应.     

不同品种饲草高粱的综合表现及营养价值评价

以引进的高粱属饲草为材料,开展了不同类型饲草高粱品种比较试验,对常规营养成分进行测定,对早牧、晚熟高丹草、大卡、大龙、能饲1号、能饲2号6个不同品种饲草高粱的农艺性状、鲜草产量、常规营养成分进行了比较分析,并对营养成分进行了饲草营养指标计算,对6个不同品种饲草高粱的品质进行客观的评价,旨在为饲草高粱高效利用提供依据。试验结果表明,鲜草产量由高到低顺序为大卡>大龙>能饲2号>能饲1号>晚熟高丹草>早牧,大卡、大龙、能饲1号、能饲2号的鲜草产量均达到4 000 kg以上。对CP、ADF、NDF和ADL的含量进行比较分析,结果显示,6个饲草高粱的品质顺序为大卡>大龙>晚熟高丹草>早牧>能饲2号>能饲1号。     

Detection of Drought-Related Loci in Rice at Reproductive Stage Using Selected Introgressed Lines

The present study was carried out to illustrate high-efficient detection of quantitative trait loci(QTLs)with selected introgression lines(ILs)and the existence of'hidden genes' conferring drought tolerance(DT).52 selected DT ILs,derived from BC2F2 population developed by crossing and backcrossing the susceptible recurrent parent(RP)IR64 with the susceptible donor Khazar were planted under irrigation and drought condition.Four important agronomic traits,e.g.,grain yield(GY),heading date(HD),panicle numbers per plant(PN),and plant height(PH)were evaluated and 83 SSR polymorphic molecular markers were used for genotypic analysis.Chi-square test based on genetic hitch-hiking and one-way analysis of variances(ANOVA)were used to detect drought-related loci.Nine and 36 loci were detected by chi-square test and one-way ANOVA,respectively.Five common loci were observed by comparing the results of the two methods,among which two QTLs linked with RM7,and RM241 were detected under irrigation condition,both of the favorable alleles were from RP and explained 13%phenotypic variation(PV)for GY and 28% PV for PH,respectively.The other three QTLs linked with RM163,RM18,and RM270 were detected under drought condition,the favorable alleles were all from the donor and explained 10,24,and 19% PV for HD,PH,and PH,respectively.Five common loci were observed by comparing the results of chi-square test and one-way ANOVA including two QTLs(one for GY and one for PH)under irrigation condition and three QTLs(one for HD and two for PH)under drought condition.By combining phenotypic and genotypic analysis,drought escape could be inferred as the main mechanism for drought tolerance in the present study.The results in present study suggested that the selected ILs population analyzed by chi-square test and one-way ANOVA was quite effective for DT QTL detection with low inputs and could also produce useful materials for breeding with wide genetic diversity for drought tolerance.     

80份美国解禁玉米自交系与先玉335亲本配合力试验分析

利用NCII遗传交配设计,以国内目前大面积推广的杂交种先玉335双亲为测验种,对80个美国解禁自交系进行2年配合力试验。结果表明,解禁美国自交系遗传基础丰富,不同杂交组合F_1代产量平均相对离差21.96%,收获时与对照均值比较,子粒含水量较少,穗轴较细,穗位高较低。筛选出一般配合力高、综合性状较好的美自交系NS701、PHW03、PHN29、PHP55等。黄淮海试验推荐的对照品种先玉335、郑单958、迪卡517、农华101、宇玉30这5个杂交种以及先玉335和郑单958双亲组配的4个杂交组合中,迪卡517、宇玉30等新品种表现出早熟、抗逆、易机收等特点,郑58×PH6WC、郑58×PH4CV产量性状和抗倒伏较好。     

Historical influences dominate the composition of regenerating plant communities in abandoned citrus groves in north-central Florida

The question of what determines plant community composition is fundamental to the study of plant community ecology. We examined the relative roles of historical land use, landscape context, and the biophysical environment as determinants of plant community composition in regenerating citrus groves in north-central Florida. Results were interpreted in light of plant functional traits. Herbaceous and woody plants responded differently to broad-scale variables; herbs correlated most strongly with surrounding land cover at a scale of 8 km, while the only significant determinant of woody species distributions was local land use history. There were significant correlations between herbaceous species and spatial context, habitat isolation, environmental variables, and historical variables. Partial Mantel tests indicated that each variable provided a unique contribution in explaining some of the variation in the herbaceous dataset. The correlation between woody plants and local historical variables remained significant even with other effects corrected for. In the herbaceous community, species composition was linked to functional traits much as expected from classical theory. While spatial influences in our study system are important for both woody and herbaceous plants, the primary determinant of plant community composition in regenerating citrus groves is historical land use. Our results suggest that the fine-scale mechanisms of local competition, tolerance and facilitation invoked by many classical studies may ultimately be less important than land use history in understanding current plant community composition in regenerating agricultural areas.     

用RAPD技术筛选中国荷斯坦牛产奶量性状遗传标记

选用320条10碱基随机引物在由36头高产（305d产奶量〉8500kg）和32头低产（305d产奶量〈5600kg）中国荷斯坦牛所组成的2个DNA池间进行RAPD-PCR扩增，从中筛选出稳定性好、带型清晰且在2个DNA池间有明显差异的RAPD引物24条。用筛选到的24条引物对所有个体进行PCR检测，得到了5个与奶牛产奶量性状相关的RAPD标记，并对其中4个进行了克隆测序和SCAR标记转化以及生物信息学分析。结果表明：SCAR标记yield—s139与产奶量密切相关，应用电子克隆方法已将该标记由921bp延伸到2141bp，经同源性比较发现，此标记对应于奶牛基因组中LINEs家族中的一个重复元件，推测该元件附近可能存在与产奶量性状相关的QTLs或主效基因。