对辊柱塞式成型机成型参数优化

为寻求对辊柱塞式成型机锯末制粒时的最优成型参数,探索成型参数对成型结果的影响规律,以锯末含水率、成型模具长径比和主轴转速为试验因素,以成型颗粒密度和成型机生产率为试验指标,基于Design-Expert BBD(Box-Behnken Design)试验设计方法对试验数据进行了处理和分析,建立了试验因素对试验指标的回归方程。结果表明:对辊柱塞式成型机采用锯末为原料制粒时,最优成型参数为:含水率15.5%、成型模具长径比5.3、主轴转速47.25 r/min。在此条件下,成型颗粒密度和成型机生产率分别可达到1.17 g/cm3、75 kg/h;各试验因素对成型颗粒密度的贡献率从大到小依次为:成型模具长径比、主轴转速、含水率,各试验因素对成型机生产率的贡献率从大到小依次为:含水率、成型模具长径比、主轴转速;成型颗粒密度试验值与预测值最大相对误差为0.426%,成型机生产率最大相对误差为2.733%,吻合程度较高。     

软木细胞壁结构及其主要化学成分研究进展

介绍了软木细胞的形态特征,综述了国内外学者在软木细胞壁结构及化学组成方面的研究进展。软木细胞壁具有明显的层次结构,褶皱是软木细胞壁的一个主要特征,胞间连丝是跨越细胞壁之间透镜状通道。软木细胞壁主要化学成分有软木脂、木质素、多糖、抽提物和灰分,归纳总结了不同学者对各成分的测定结果以及各成分中单体的提取制备、分析鉴定结果,并提出软木细胞壁今后的研究方向。     

Genetic evaluation and selection index in tetraploid Brachiaria ruziziensis

Half‐sib progenies of congo signal grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain & Evrard, syn.: B. eminii, Urochloa ruziziensis) were analysed using a mixed model methodology. The objective was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters, predict individual genetic values, estimate correlations between characters associated with biomass production and forage nutritive value and use this information to determine the economic weights to compare three multiplicative selection indices. Individual narrow‐sense heritabilities corrected for inbreeding varied from 0.14 to 0.91 for characters associated with biomass production and from 0.04 a 0.24 for nutritional value characters. The correlations among characters associated with annual biomass production were of high magnitude. In contrast, biomass production characters were negatively correlated with crude protein, acid detergent fibre and lignin. Total dry matter yield, crude protein and regrowth ability were weighted separately in evaluations during wet and dry season or annually in selection indices. Index that considered characters annually resulted in better distribution of forage production along the year than indices that separated wet and dry season production.     

基于畦灌灌水效果的土壤入渗参数预测精度控制研究

为实现土壤入渗参数预测精度的有效控制,以汾东灌区北长寿的灌水试验为背景,对灌水技术参数进行包括灌水效率Ea、储水效率Es和灌水均匀度Du在内的多目标模糊优化。在优化灌水的条件下,选用三参数Kostiakov入渗模型,将入渗参数k、α和f0不同程度地偏离,利用WinSRFR对不同入渗参数下的灌水效果进行模拟,分析灌水效果评价指标对入渗参数变化的敏感程度。结果表明:入渗参数k和f0偏离对灌水效果指标的影响明显较入渗指数α偏离的影响大;Ea和Es对入渗参数偏离的敏感程度相当,而Du的敏感程度大于Ea和Es。在此基础上结合灰色关联理论,建立入渗参数预测精度控制模型,以实现土壤传递函数的有效建立。     

Philip入渗模型参数的非线性预报模型

利用黄土高原区大田耕作土壤的水分入渗试验过程资料,拟合了Philip入渗模型参数,建立了以土壤体积含水率、干密度、粉、黏粒含量和有机质含量等土壤理化参数为输入变量,Philip入渗模型参数为输出变量的土壤传递函数,通过对函数的分析、检验,建立了土壤入渗参数S和A的多元非线性预测模型;在此基础上,运用灰色关联分析理论,将各输入变量进行了灰色排序。研究表明:用土壤体积含水率、干密度、粉粒含量、黏粒含量和有机质含量作为预报模型的输入参数可实现对入渗参数的预测,预测参数实测值与预测值之间的相对误差可控制在8%以下,所建立的非线性预测模型高度相关。     

东北寒地不同土质对玉米生长发育和耗水量的影响研究

以东北地区春玉米为试验对象,利用称重式蒸渗仪,采取相同的灌溉制度,研究不同土壤条件下玉米各生育期及全生育期的耗水规律并比较玉米生理指标的不同。结果表明,生育进程上,草甸土玉米生育期最短;生理生育指标上,草甸土株高最小但其光合速率和蒸腾速率及根系活力却最旺盛;耗水规律上,不同土质基本一致,黑土耗水量最大;产量上,黑土最大,草甸土最小。     

中温高黏度介质双端面主密封热力特性分析

为研究中温高黏度介质双端面机械密封主密封的传热和变形规律以及冲洗液的压力和温度对其影响,从而为密封性能改进和冲洗液的高效控制提供依据.以乳液输送设备双端面机械密封(AR201)为研究对象,建立传热计算模型,采用有限元法分析主密封温度场,研究了密封环温度和变形量随冲洗液压力和温度的变化规律.研究表明:密封环端面的最高温处于动静环接触面靠近密封腔位置处,在冲洗液的作用下,动静环内径侧温度明显低于外径侧,动静环温度自接触面开始沿轴向至环外侧逐渐降低;端面最高温度和最大变形量随冲洗液温度和压力的升高而增大,最大变形量的大小和随冲洗液参数变化的波动幅度与密封材料有关;合理选择冲洗液压力和温度是有效改善主密封性能的措施,对于AR201机械密封,将冲洗液压力控制在0.80~0.85 MPa和较低的温度能减少端面磨损现象.     

Genetic variability and estimates of heritability in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes grown in a semiarid zone of Sudan

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate nine genotypes of sorghum grown for two consecutive cropping seasons in 2006 and 2007 under rain-fed conditions in a semiarid zone at the Research Farm of El Fasher Research Station, Sudan. The objective of the study was to assess genetic variability and heritability among sorghum genotypes using phenotypic morphological traits. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used for the experiment. The grain yield (kg ha^?1), the number of heads/plant, followed by straw yield (kg ha^?1) had the highest genotypic coefficients of variation in both seasons. High heritability (above 95%) was shown for plant height in both seasons. High genetic advance was reported in straw yield, 1000-grain weight and days to flowering in both seasons. Highly significant differences among genotypes were found for all characters. The high-yielding genotype was Adv-Edo-CWS (E-9) with grain yields of 2780.6 kg ha^?1. Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with straw yield (r = 0.91), number of heads/plant (r = 0.69), plant height (r = 0.53) and 1000-grain weight (r = 0.36). However, it was significantly and negatively correlated with days to 50% flowering (r = ?0.21). Based on their positive association with grain yield, the character’s straw weight, number of heads/plant, plant height and 1000-grain weight would be the preferable selection criteria for sorghum improvement program in the country.     

岩溶生态脆弱区水安全动态模拟及其演变机制

[目的]揭示影响贵州省城市水安全的主要驱动因子,为贵州省相关部门提供参考和科学依据。[方法]基于系统动力学方法建立水安全系统模型,仿真模拟贵州省水安全系统的贵阳模式、遵义模式、毕节模式和协调型模式4种不同模式下的水资源子系统、水环境子系统、水灾害子系统的发展演变规律。[结果]农业灌溉用水定额、水土流失面积比、水质达标率和环境资本投资率是贵州省水安全系统的主要驱动因子;在协调型模式下,贵州省水安全系统在2025年以前处于最佳状态,比其他3种模式优越。[结论]在不同情景模式的模拟下,只有在协调型模式下水资源子系统、水环境子系统、水灾害子系统处于最佳状态,能够获得最大的经济效益和环境效益。     

进境哈萨克斯坦向日葵种子中向日葵黑茎病菌的鉴定

自进境哈萨克斯坦向日葵种子中,采用常规平板分离法获得1株疑似向日葵黑茎病菌Plenodomus lindquistii菌株LL4,通过生物学性状、ITS序列测定和比对分析及致病性测定等方法对其进行了鉴定。结果表明,该病菌在PDA平板上培养初期菌丝无色,分隔分枝多,后期菌丝褐色或深褐色,常膨大;分生孢子器暗褐色,分散或聚集,球形、近球形或不规则形,大小为71.2~361.8μm;分生孢子形态变化较大,无色,单孢,肾形至椭圆形,大小为3.6~8.2μm×2.2~3.7μm,常含有2个油球;培养期间未见有性阶段。基于ITS序列分析比对发现,菌株LL4与Gen Bank中多个向日葵黑茎病菌分离物序列同源性达99%以上,系统进化树显示其与其它向日葵黑茎病菌分离物聚在同一个分支。菌株LL4可侵染向日葵根茎部,造成典型黑茎病症状。表明分离获得的菌株LL4为向日葵黑茎病菌P.lindquistii。