Anti-Inflammatory Cembranoids from a Formosa Soft Coral Sarcophyton cherbonnieri

The present investigation on chemical constituents of the soft coral Sarcophyton cherbonnieri resulted in the isolation of seven new cembranoids, cherbonolides F–L (1–7). The chemical structures of 1–7 were determined by spectroscopic methods, including infrared, one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY), MS experiments, and a chemical reduction of hydroperoxide by triphenylphosphine. The anti-inflammatory activities of 1–7 against neutrophil proinflammatory responses were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory ability toward N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLF/CB)-induced superoxide anion generation and elastase release in primary human neutrophils. The results showed that all isolates exhibited moderate activities, while cherbonolide G (2) and cherbonolide H (3) displayed a more active effect than others on the inhibition of elastase release (48.2% ± 6.2%) and superoxide anion generation (44.5% ± 4.6%) at 30 µM, respectively.     

不同施氮量对半干旱区还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响

为了揭示还田玉米秸秆在不同施氮水平下的腐解及养分释放特征,在马铃薯田间定位试验中,设置了6个不同施氮水平(T1:0 kg·hm~(-2);T2:75 kg·hm~(-2);T3:150 kg·hm~(-2);T4:225 kg·hm~(-2);T5:300 kg·hm~(-2); T6:375 kg·hm~(-2)),研究其对还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响。研究表明:还田玉米秸秆的腐解主要发生在前90 d,在此期间玉米秸秆腐解较快,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆腐解率分别为37.3%、40.3%、44.8%、45.0%、50.8%、48.4%,以T5处理为最高,处理间差异显著(P0.05);同时,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆碳、氮释放率分别为48.2%～56.6%、33.8%～44.4%,T5处理下秸秆的碳、氮释放率均显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而秸秆磷、钾的释放率分别为43.1%～49.2%、90.5%～93.0%,处理间无显著性差异。还田150 d后,玉米秸秆的腐解率为52.7%～55.8%,养分释放表现为KCPN。综上所述,连续施氮可以显著促进还田玉米秸秆前期的腐解及碳氮的释放,但对磷钾的释放无明显影响,当施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时还田玉米秸秆的腐解效果最好。     

激素和热水处理对姜荷花种子发芽的影响

【目的】以姜荷花杂交种子为研究对象,通过不同浸种处理试验,打破姜荷花种子休眠,缩短姜荷花育种周期。【方法】利用激素、热水组合处理的方式,设置不同的浓度和浸种时间,以清水为对照,在 28 ℃条件下采用培养皿滤纸法催芽 60 d,统计发芽势和发芽率。【结果】与对照相比,外源激素和热水处理均能有效打破姜荷花种子休眠,使其提前 1 个月开始发芽。外源激素浸种试验中,400 mg/L GA3 浸种处理效果最好,发芽势和发芽率分别为 29.3%、50.7%;80 ℃热水浸种 5 min 效果最好,发芽势和发芽率分别为 10.3%、17%,但部分种子出现烫死现象;在组合浸种处理试验中,60 ℃热水浸种 10 min + 400 mg/L GA3 浸种 24 h 为最佳的处理组合,发芽势为 40.7%,播种 60 d 发芽率达到 64.3%。【结论】激素和热水组合处理对姜荷花种子解除休眠的效果显著优于其他处理,浸种后种子发芽提前,出苗更加整齐,适合育种实践中推广应用。     

沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料热学性能研究

为探究阻燃剂对沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料导热行为的影响和开发具有阻燃特性的聚合物复合材料,以沙柳多元醇液化产物为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂、水为发泡剂,与异氰酸酯进行发泡制备沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯硬质泡沫,利用正交试验法研究工艺因子对硬质泡沫材料导热性能的影响规律,使用锥形量热仪（CONE）对该材料燃烧行为进行分析。结果表明:1）沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响关系为阻燃剂添加量＞沙柳液化产物与异氰酸酯比例＞阻燃剂种类,方差分析表明工艺因子对导热性能的影响均不显著;2）最优工艺:阻燃剂添加量8%,沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯比例1.0∶1.0,阻燃剂为有机蒙脱土,制备的硬质泡沫材料密度0.168 g·cm^-3,抗压强度0.83 MPa,导热系数0.118 3 W·m^-1·K^-1,此工艺制备的聚氨酯泡沫是一种优良的保温材料;3）不同有机蒙脱土添加量的沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫燃烧行为属于双阶段燃烧过程,阻燃剂有机蒙脱土添加量8%,燃烧开始时间推迟至120 s且总热释放量降低。     

抗旱保水剂和缓释肥料在公路边坡香根草种植中的应用

在公路边坡香根草生物治理中应用新型抗旱保水剂和高效缓释肥料的试验证明,该技术措施既能保证香根草生长期间的水分和养分的有效供应,又能提高香根草的种植成活率和坡面覆盖率,达到较好的护坡效果。试验结果表明:既施用缓释肥料,又采用保水剂处理的香根草移栽成活率达93%,坡面覆盖率达90%,护坡效果极好,150 d后坡面香根草已形成草篱,能有效地拦截坡面水土,生物治理和景观效果较佳。     

控释氮肥对莴苣生长及氮肥利用率的影响

采用盆栽和田间试验,探讨了控释氮肥脲甲醛(UF)不同供氮水平条件下的肥料效应;并采用微区试验比较了控释氮肥与其他速效氮肥品种对莴苣生长,形态指标,产量及利用率的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥的供量与产量密切相关,中氮水平处理,肥效最佳,过量供应,单位肥料的肥效明显下降。等氮量条件下,莴苣对控释氮肥的吸收利用率最高,达40.10%,较其它氮肥品种其利用率增加6.93%～31.04%,控释氮肥处理,莴苣的生长指标及增产效应优于其他氮肥品种,不同氮肥品种的增产顺序为UF>CO(NH2)2>NH4NO3>NH4HCO3。     

缓/控释复合肥料不同形态氮素释放特性研究

【目的】探讨缓/控释复合肥料不同形态氮素养分（NH4+-N、NO3－-N、Urea-N、DON和Total N）在不同介质中释放的动力学特性及生物效应。【方法】采用水中溶出法、土壤恒温培养法和盆栽生物试验。【结果】不同培养介质中，缓/控释复合肥5种形态氮素养分的累积释放量随时间的动态变化可用一级动力学方程Nt=N0(1-e-kt）、Elvoich方程qt=a+blnt、抛物线扩散方程qt=a+bt0.5表征，并以一级动力学方程拟合效果最好（r＝0.9569**～0.9999**），E1ovich方程次之（r＝0.7705**～0.9933**）。缓释复合肥料不同形态氮素最大释放量（N0值）与其氮素累积释放量的变化规律一致，在水中以Total N＞DON＞Urea-N＞NH4+-N＞NO3--N，在土壤中则以Total N＞NH4+-N＞DON＞Urea-N＞NO3--N。以水为介质时，缓释复合肥料不同形态氮素释放速率常数（k值和b值）的变化序列均以Total N＞DON＞NH4+-N＞NO3--N；以土壤为介质时，k值大小为Urea-N＞DON＞NH4+-N＞Total N＞NO3--N，b值则为Total N＞NH4+-N＞DON＞NO3--N＞Urea-N。与普通复合肥料相比，缓/控释复合肥的氮素利用效率（NUE）、氮素农学效率（NAE）及氮素生理效率（NPE）分别提高了11.4%、8.32 kg·kg-1和5.17 kg·kg-1。相关分析发现，5种形态氮素养分占总氮量的比值（Nx/NT）与水稻不同生育期吸收氮素养分之间呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】定量描述氮素养分释放的动力学方程中以一级动力学方程评价更具有实效性。与普通复合肥料以单一尿素态氮养分为主相比较，缓/控释复合肥料的不同形态氮养分更有利于水稻对氮素的吸收利用。     

富营养化湖泊沉积物磷释放特点及水生植物对其的影响

湖泊富营养化是一个全球性的环境问题,磷是湖泊富营养化的最主要的限制性因子之一.综述了富营养化湖泊沉积物中磷的化学形态、释放规律及其影响因素,并讨论了水生植物对湖泊内源磷释放的影响机制.     

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.     

氟在克氏原螯虾体内的蓄积与释放试验

为探讨克氏原螯虾(Procambrus clarkii)对氟的蓄积性和可释放性,将220尾克氏原螯虾随机分成4组,分别饲养在含氟化钠0.00(对照)、0.05、0.50、5.00mg/L的水箱里,进行为期6周的暴露试验,每周周末取样1次;随后用自来水饲养进行为期4周的释放试验,每周周末取样1次。样品采用氟离子选择电极法测定克氏原螯虾体内氟的蓄积量。结果表明:克氏原螯虾对氟有蓄积性,水体环境氟含量越高虾体蓄积越多,在染毒水体饲养时间越长蓄积越多,而且主要蓄积在虾的甲壳和肝脏内;克氏原螯虾对氟有可释放性,但释放的速度很缓慢。