Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

Kernel vitreousness and protein content: Relationship,interaction and synergistic effects on durum wheat quality

Four sets of durum samples were used in this study to further understand the interrelationships among hard vitreous kernels (HVK), protein content, and pigment concentration, with a focus on the interaction and synergistic effects of protein content and vitreousness on durum quality. HVK level increases with higher protein content in the range of 9.5–12.5%, but this relationship is less evident in durum samples with high protein content (12.5–14.5%). Both protein content and kernel vitreousness can significantly affect durum milling quality. White starchy kernels (WSK) in low protein durum have a very detrimental impact on milling and pasta processing quality, but high protein content can mitigate the adverse impact of WSK on durum quality. Although protein content plays a dominant role, higher HVK might contribute positively to pasta firmness. There was no significant difference in yellow pigment content between HVK and WSK. However, pigment loss from semolina to dough was higher for WSK than HVK. Despite the difference in protein content, HVK and WSK have little difference in gluten strength. The monomeric protein was preferentially accumulated in HVK. The glutenin proteins of HVK and WSK were similar in the ratios of 1Bx/1By and HMW/LMW-GS.     

甜橙精油分子蒸馏组分的成分分析及其抗菌活性研究

应用分子蒸馏技术加工冷压甜橙精油,分离得到轻相与重相两个组分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分,鉴定出甜橙精油轻相组分中含22种化合物,重相组分中含40种化合物。抑菌试验结果表明,甜橙精油轻相和重相组分对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.78~3.125μL/m L。抑菌活性受不同p H和温度条件的影响,酸性环境下轻相组分的抑菌效果较好,碱性环境下重相组分的抑菌活性更强。在高温处理下,轻相组分对细菌的抑菌效果具有较好的热稳定性,重相组分的抑菌效果有所减弱。     

新疆、甘肃和河南部分地区甜瓜瓜类蚜传黄化病毒分子变异初步分析

从新疆鄯善县、甘肃瓜州县和河南通许县采集表现瓜类蚜传黄化病毒(Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus,CABYV)症状的甜瓜叶片样品63份,利用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测,从阳性样品中选取25个分离物扩增出1.4 kb的片段,并对其序列进行分析。结果表明:63份样品中,36份为CABYV阳性;获得的序列包括部分3′端的依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)基因、非编码区(NCR)和全长外壳蛋白(CP)基因。随机选取25个分离物的CP基因与GenBank中的序列进行比对,其序列相似性为93.2%~100%。通许分离物间序列相似性为98.8%~99.8%,瓜州分离物间序列相似性为98.2%~100%,鄯善分离物间序列相似性为99.2%~100%,组内表现出极高的同源性。基于其部分RdRp基因、NCR及CP基因序列构建的系统进化树表明:25个CABYV分离物与中国及周边地区(泰国、韩国等)的分离物聚为一簇,而与欧洲地区分离物距离较远,说明了该病毒分子变异与分离物的地理分布有关。     

植物叶色变化机制研究进展

介绍了叶色变化的生态适应意义、环境条件影响、生理生化以及叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青素合成代谢相关基因转录和mi RNA调控等方面的研究进展,为植物色素研究和叶色品种改良提供参考。     

大豆籽粒蛋白质含量相关QTL定位研究进展

籽粒蛋白质含量是大豆品质性状改良的主要目标之一。笔者介绍了大豆遗传图谱的构建与基因组测序发展历程,从基于分离群体的连锁分析和基于自然群体的关联分析两方面阐述了大豆籽粒蛋白质含量QTL定位研究进展,进而讨论了大豆蛋白质含量MAS育种存在的问题,最后展望了大豆蛋白质含量分子遗传改良的研究趋势。以期为大豆高蛋白育种提供参考。     

外来植物土荆芥入侵的化学基础探讨

土荆芥为藜科藜属一年生或多年生直立草本植物,1864年首次发现于中国台湾省台北淡水,2010年1月7日被列入中国《第二批外来入侵植物种名单》。目前对土荆芥的入侵学研究主要集中在生物学、生态学、化学成分、他感作用、逆境抗性等方面,因此其入侵机制主要是化学武器假说,如次生代谢旺盛,具化感潜力,抗逆性强等。但并未从分子学角度进行相关研究,如土荆芥的遗传进化特点、土荆芥入侵的分子标记、土荆芥的代谢组学等。尤其是土荆芥入侵之后,其与本土植物的种子萌发速度或生长速度比较(优先效应),目前尚未有报道。因此,未来在上述研究的基础上,必须对其分子生物学开展深入研究,尤其应重点研究土荆芥入侵的优先效应机制。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白基因的克隆及光强度对其表达量影响

为明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga紫外敏感视蛋白基因Bo-uv的作用及其与趋光性的关系,利用常规PCR方法克隆获得Bo-uv基因的全长cDNA序列,分析了其敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白氨基酸序列之间的系统进化关系,运用qPCR技术检测了不同发育阶段、不同组织及不同光强度下Bo-uv基因的相对表达量。结果表明,Bo-uv基因cDNA全长2 757 bp,开放阅读框1 542 bp,编码514个氨基酸。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性为21.93%～43.00%,与橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的氨基酸序列同源性最高。Bo-uv基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊蛹末期、成虫期表达,在成虫头部的相对表达量较高。在0～10 000 lx光强范围内雌、雄成虫体内该基因的相对表达量均呈先增高后降低趋势。与对照相比,1 000 lx光强度下其相对表达量显著升高,10 000 lx时相对表达量显著降低。表明光强度能够有效地调控Bo-uv基因的表达,该基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊感知外界光刺激过程中具有重要作用。     

楠木枝枯病病原菌鉴定

<正>楠木为我国传统名贵树种,其木质紧密、耐腐蚀性强,能够驱虫美化环境,是建筑、家具、雕刻的首选木料;同时具有净化空气、吸烟滞尘、涵养水源、固土防沙等功能,有着巨大的经济及生态价值。楠木主要包括润楠属(Machilus Nees)以及楠属(Phoebe Nees)植株,均属于濒危树种,在我国境内     

四川省不同地域的核盘菌遗传多样性分析

 核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)属于世界性分布的植物病原真菌,可以危害油菜等多种经济作物。研究不同地域核盘菌的遗传多样性对了解核盘菌的遗传演化过程和指导病害防控具有重要意义。实验采用序列相关扩增多态性(sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)标记对四川省17个不同地理来源的66株核盘菌菌株的遗传多样性进行了分析。10对检测引物共获得129个位点,其中123个为多态位点,占95.35%。UPGMA聚类结果显示,在相似性系数为0.7时,66个核盘菌菌株分为5类(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ),分别包含60、2、2、1和1个菌株。在相似性系数为0.74时,第Ⅰ类又可分为3个亚类(Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2、Ⅰ-3),分别包含21、37和2个菌株。聚类及组成分分析结果显示,四川省各地区的核盘菌菌株具有较高的遗传多样性,但其遗传变异与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。