保护性耕作下黄土高原作物轮作系统土壤健康评价

摘要：在黄土高原雨养农业区,以4个耕作处理[传统耕作(t)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖（ts）、免耕(nt)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(nts)]的2年3熟粮豆轮作系统为对象,研究了0~5和5~10 cm土壤全碳、有机碳、全氮及微生物生物量碳和氮等指标的变化特征。结果表明,实施保护性耕作7年后,有机碳含量在ts、nt和nts处理下比t处理显著增加22.9%、25.3%和42.6%,0~5 cm层土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量均以nts最高,t处理最低。在0~10 cm土层内,免耕促进了土壤碳的表聚化,但耕作有助于秸秆有机碳在土壤剖面的均匀分布。研究结果表明,短期尺度下微生物量碳和氮是反映耕作措施的敏感指标,中期尺度下土壤有机碳可以敏感反映土壤健康状况。     

Influence of land management on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in the central loess plateau,northwest China

Loss of soil organic matter under cropping systems is often considered one of the most serious forms of agriculturally induced soil degradation. Therefore, understanding how to improve or maintain soil fertility is of importance for sustainable systems of agriculture. This study deals with the effects of succession fallow and fertilization combined with crop rotation on the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soil in the central Loess Plateau, China. In order to create a more uniform experimental environment and avoid the influence of different crop residues, wheat/potato (W/P) rotation was selected as a fertilization treatment. The results showed that with increasing fallow time organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (TN) slightly increased, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and MBC/Corg gradually decreased, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) remained unchanged. However, only MBC/Corg among all the microbial parameters measured showed significant differences at various stages of fallow. Although there was a decrease in organic carbon and total nitrogen in the fertilized plots, MBC was not significantly different in the various fallow and fertilized plots except for one‐year‐old fallows, which had the highest MBC. MBN, MBC/Corg and MBN/TN in fertilized plots were higher than for plots at different stages of fallow. Fertilization can increase organic carbon, total nitrogen, MBC and MBN content (compared to the control). It was concluded that appropriate land management, such as fertilization combined with crop rotation and reducing one‐year‐old fallow, would be useful ways to improve or maintain soil fertility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

洞庭湖区农村住宅鼠类群落结构和演替

根据作者1982-2005年在洞庭湖区研究农业害鼠积累的数据,系统分析了该区域农村住宅的害鼠群落结构和演替趋势。结果表明,洞庭湖农村住宅区的害鼠种类主要有褐家鼠、黄胸鼠和小家鼠,根据各地鼠类群落中优势种的特点,将农村住宅区鼠类群落结构划分为2个群落类型区,即小家鼠 黄胸鼠群落:该群落区位于洞庭湖的东面平原区和丘陵区,以及湘江以东的丘陵区;小家鼠 褐家鼠群落:位于洞庭湖的西、南的平原区和丘陵区。"小家鼠 黄胸鼠"群落区的鼠种组成变化特点是褐家鼠在群落中的比例增加明显,黄胸鼠有所减少,小家鼠没有变化,而黄胸鼠减少的比例正好是褐家鼠增加的比例。在"小家鼠 褐家鼠"群落区,褐家鼠在群落中的比例逐步下降,小家鼠在群落中的比例逐步增加。小家鼠已经成为整个洞庭湖农区农房鼠类群落中的优势鼠种,群落两个时间段的鼠种组成差异显著。两个群落的主要差别也就在大型鼠种(褐家鼠和黄胸鼠)在群落中的配置不同。     

Evolution of soil microbial biomass in restoration process of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in an eroded environment

Vegetation recovery is a key measure to improve ecosystems in the Loess Plateau in China. To understand the evolution of soil microorganisms in forest plantations in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties of the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were studied. In this study, eight forest soils of different age classes were used to study the evolution of soil microbial biomass, while a farmland and a native forest community of Platycladus orientalis L. were chosen as controls. By measuring soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and physical and chemical properties, it can be concluded that soil quality was improved steadily after planting. Soil microbial biomass of C, N and P (SMBC, SMBN and SMBP) increased significantly after 10 to 15 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery. A relatively stable state of soil microbial biomass was maintained in near-mature or mature plantations. There was an increase of soil microbial biomass appearing at the end of the mature stage. After 50 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, compared with those in farmland, the soil microbial biomass of C, N and P increased by 213%, 201% and 83% respectively, but only accounting for 51%, 55% and 61% of the increase in P. orientalis forest. Microbial soil respiration was enhanced in the early stages, and then weakened in the later stage after restoration, which was different from the change of soil organic carbon. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was significantly higher in the soils of the P. orientalis forest than that in farmland at the early restoration stage and then decreased rapidly. After 25 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, qCO₂ in soils of the R. pseudoacacia forest was lower than that in the farmland soil, and reached a minimum after 50 years, which was close to that of the P. orientalis forest. A significant relationship was found among soil microbial biomass, qCO₂ and physical and chemical properties and restoration duration. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to artificially improve the ecological environment and soil quality in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau; a long time, even more than 100 years, is needed to reach the climax of the present natural forest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 909–917 [译自: 生态学报]     

茶树生长过程中土壤磷变化动态

[目的]为三峡库区生态环境建设和退耕还林工程提供理论参考和科学依据。[方法]选择秭归不同生长年限的茶树地的土壤样品,分析测定土壤速效磷及微生物磷随生长时间及土壤深度的变化。[结果]结果表明:随着茶树生长年限延长,土壤速效磷含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,土壤微生物量磷无明显的变化趋势。随土壤深度的增加,速效磷和微生物磷都呈逐渐降低的趋势。[结论]茶树生长有利于土壤表层磷的积累。     

橡胶林土壤宏基因组文库的构建及分析

构建包含了7 680个克隆子的橡胶林土壤宏基因组文库,76.2%的质粒含有外源DNA,插入片段的平均大小约为4.3 kb,DNA文库的容量约为32.25 MB.随机挑取20个克隆子进行测序,NCBI的Blastx分析结果发现,3号与不能培养的微牛物(Candidatus Kuenenia)有一定的同源性.5号与Rickettsiella grylli的同源性达83%,可以初步推断其功能为吡哆醛生物合成裂解酶Pdxs.11号和16号与分类地位尚未确定的细菌(Solibacter)有同源性,随机测序的这20个序列中,部分序列除与裂解酶、蛋白酶、激酶等蛋白有一定的同源性外,有5个与功能尚不清楚的蛋白有一定的同源性,其中13号与假定蛋白pEA 28_O1的同源性达100%.     

牛粪堆肥高效降解菌的筛选及复合微生物菌剂的制备

[目的]确定最佳菌种复配比例。[方法]从牦牛粪自然堆肥中筛选菌株。以新鲜牛粪和稻壳粉为堆肥原料,以不加复合菌剂的处理为对照,将不同复合微生物菌剂以3‰的总接种量接入到堆肥中,观察不同处理对堆肥腐熟过程的影响。[结果]牦牛粪自然堆肥中的绿色木霉和米曲霉的生长速率和活性较高。绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1的处理,发酵过程中升温最快、温度最高。温度升高到55℃仅用6 d,高温维持8 d,最高温度为65.5℃。堆肥腐熟后,植物种子发芽指数为92.3%。[结论]复合微生物菌剂的最佳比例为绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1。     

竹伐桩促腐微生物的分离筛选

以不同腐朽程度的毛竹伐桩为样品,对其中的具有降解纤维素或木质素的竹腐微生物进行富集、分离、纯化.通过定性和定量筛选共得到16株具有较好纤维素降解能力或木质素降解能力的菌株,包括8株真菌,5株细菌和3株放线菌.采用固态竹屑培养基测定各菌株对毛竹纤维素和木质素的降解能力,真菌菌株F2和F10的降解效果最好,15 d对纤维素的降解率分别为23.96%和24.31%,优于参照菌株绿色木霉YJ-3的19.59%;对木质素的降解率分别为16.92%和19.15%,优于参照菌株黄孢原毛平革菌ME-446的16.53%.     

黔中喀斯特植被自然演替过程中物种组成及多样性研究———以贵州省普定县为例

根据植物群落的特征,将黔中喀斯特地区石漠化后植被自然演替过程分成草丛阶段、草灌阶段、藤刺灌丛阶段、次生乔林阶段和常绿阔叶林阶段,应用物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别研究各演替阶段草本层、灌木层、乔木层和群落总体的物种多样性.结果表明:在植被演替过程中,物种多样性从草丛阶段开始增加,草本层到藤刺灌丛阶段达到峰值,随后下降;灌木层、乔木层和群落总体则增长到次生乔林阶段达到峰值.草丛阶段和草灌阶段物种多样性为草本层＞灌木层;藤刺灌丛阶段乔木层物种多样性最低,草本层与灌木层物种多样性大小对比因测度方法不同而有差异;次生乔林阶段和常绿阔叶林阶段物种多样性为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.黔中喀斯特地区石漠化后在人为干扰较小的情况下,植物群落由草本植物占优势逐渐向灌木和乔木树种占优势转移,并最终形成喀斯特森林.     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.