Effect of inorganic electrolytes on the stability of allophane in aqueous solutions of anionic xanthan polysaccharide

The polymeric (a) weak-stabilization (PWST), (b) floccelation (PFL), and (c) stabilization (PST) of ailophane with the anionic xanthan (GX) polysaccharide (He and Horikawa 1996a, b: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 42, 603-612, 637-644) were investigated further with respect to the effect of 1-1, 2-1, and 1-2 electrolytes (MA). At pH 4.5, the PST was (i) high in 0.1 mM NaCl, MgCl₂, ZnCl₂, and PbCl₂ solutions, whereas (ii) considerably low in 100 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM Na₂SO₄ and NaH₂PO₄ solutions, respectively. At pH 6.5 (i.e.p.), the flocculated ailophane showed (i) a very low PWST in 0.01 mM NaCl, MgCl₂, and Na₂SO₄ solutions, and also (ii) a low PST in 0.01 mM MA except for NaH₂PO₄. In 0.01 mM PbCl₂ and NaH₂PO₄ solutions, ailophane was well dispersed, respectively, and marked PFL and PST were observed with further addition of xanthan. The changes and decrease of PWST and PST were discussed in relation to the iocculation of ailophane due to the (a) effect of MA on the diffuse double layer of the particles, (b) specific adsorption of phosphate and lead ions on the surface, and (c) weakening of the repulsive force between anionic GX chains by MA.     

Ecological study on the dynamics of soil organic matter and its related properties in shifting cultivation systems of Northern Thailand

Abstract

There is a large number of hill people in northern Thailand, who practices shifting cultivation. In order to analyze the soil ecological problems involved in the transition from traditional shifting cultivation to more intensive upland farming, the authors carried out comparative studies on the dynamics of organic matter and its related properties in soils both in the traditional shifting cultivation systems adopted by Karen people and more intensive upland farming practiced by Thai and Hmong people in the area. The contents of organic matter and available N in the surface 10 cm layers of soil from the fields continuously cultivated were lower than those in soils under prolonged fallow (more than 10 y) or natural forest. Based on the rate of soil respiration, the amount of organic matter decomposed within 1 y was estimated to reach nearly 10% of that stored in the upper 50 cm layers of the soil profile in the upland crop fields. These results indicate that the organic matter-related resources markedly decreased under continuous cropping. The contents of C, N, and P in the microbial biomass of the surface 10 cm layers of soil ranged from 0.37 to 2.09 mg C g^?l soil, from 22.7 to 188 µg N g^?l soil, and from 6.1 to 65.7 µg P g^?l soil, respectively. Since the contents of microbial C, N, and P in the surface soils were generally higher under prolonged fallow and natural forests than in the fields continuously cultivated, the microbial activity and/or the amounts of C, N, and P available for biological activity seemed to have declined under continuous upland farming. The incubation experiment to assess the N mineralization pattern showed two remarkable characteristics: 1) there was an initial time lag until active mineralization of N occurred in the soils from young fallow forest and 2) the soil burning effect was observed after burning in the fields under prolonged fallow. The active process of nitrification after N mineralization was always associated with a sharp fall in soil pH, suggesting that soil acidification was promoted and basic cations were lost from the soils. In conclusion, rapid deterioration of the soil organic matter-related properties in cropping fields can be considered to be one of the ecological reasons why upland fields must be returned to fallow again a few years after forest reclamation in traditional shifting cultivation systems. Therefore, in alternative farming systems with more intensive land use, it is essential to apply organic materials into soils to decrease the rate of soil degradation, or to improve the soil fertility, in avoiding soil acidification along with nitrification.     

Responses of nematode‐community structure in turfgrass soil to microbial filtrates from municipal–solid waste compost

Actinomycetes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from municipal–solid waste (MSW) compost, and different microbial liquid filtrates (MLF) were prepared. Sterile culture media with no microbes were used as their controls. The effects of MLF on soil nematode communities were examined in pot‐grown Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Fifteen genera of nematodes in background soil were identified, of which Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus were dominant. The inoculation of MLF strongly affected the abundance and community structure of soil nematodes. Compared with their controls, lower total nematode numbers following MLF incorporation were found. Actinomycetes inoculation changed community structure of soil nematodes, transforming the dominant genera from Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus into Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, and Aphelenchus. Actinomycetes incorporation resulted in a significant decrease of plant‐parasitic nematodes relative to control pots. Only plant‐parasitic and omnivorous‐predatory nematodes were found in treatments following B. subtilis inoculation, and Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus were dominant genera with relative abundance of 76.2% and 14.3%, respectively. Although the dominant genera were still Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus, B. thuringiensis inoculation led to a marked decrease in populations of plant‐parasitic nematodes and an increase in populations of fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes relative to control. Shannon's diversity index (H′), evenness index (J′), richness index (SR), and Wasilewska index (WI) in pots treated with actinomycetes and B. thuringiensis filtrates were significantly higher than those of their controls, whereas significant lower dominance index (λ) in actinomycetes and B. thuringiensis treatments was observed than their controls. Plant growth was improved in the treatments inoculated with three microbes. The findings highlight that actinomycetes can most effectively suppress plant‐parasitic nematodes, increase community diversity, evenness, and richness, thus improving soil environment for turf growth.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态修复区春季土壤古菌和细菌群落结构探究

盐地碱蓬是黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态功能的起点和核心,其原生修复在土壤改良和微生物功能恢复方面的作用仍未可知.因此,本研究开展了盐地碱蓬修复土壤的细菌和古菌群落结构分析,借助理化性质检测和高通量手段进行了样品实验室检测.结果发现,滨海湿地土壤均呈碱性(pH=7.92～8.45),盐度含量较高(>30.98‰)且非植被区土壤...     

昆虫病原线虫防治麦田越冬稻象甲的室内研究

 根据郑州郊区稻麦连作区稻象甲以老熟幼虫在麦田内的前稻茬及其周围土壤中越冬的生物学特性，探讨了芜菁夜蛾线虫对越冬的稻象甲幼虫的致病性以及线虫防治稻象甲幼虫的可能性。使用病原线虫防治地下害虫是一种理想的很有前途的生物防治措施芜菁夜蛾线虫对越冬稻象甲幼虫有很强的侵染力，在很短时间内即可使大量稻象甲幼虫死亡。此外，受侵染的稻象甲体内所繁殖的线虫有很强的再侵染能力，因此，一次使用后可长期在田间发挥作用，抑制地下害虫的种群。不同剂量的线虫制剂对稻象甲的致死率不同。一般来说随田间稻象甲幼虫的密度不同，施用线虫制剂后死亡率差异较大。高密度的幼虫使用高剂量的线虫制剂效果好，低密度时低剂量的效果好。大田使用时因根据虫口密度决定线虫剂量。根据大田实际情况，似应以40～80万条/m2的剂量较好。线虫剂量的增加，侵染力也逐渐增加，但达到一定剂量时，其杀虫效果有所下降。     

微生物复合肥料在豫东地区的应用探讨

近年来,由于化肥的过量使用,豫东地区主要经济作物的产量和品质都有下降趋势,背离了可持续发展方针。通过对豫东地区的环境条件及主要种植作物进行分析,探讨微生物复合肥料在豫东地区应用的可能性及优势,确定豫东地区施用微生物复合肥料能在一定程度上提高农作物的产量和品质。根据相关的文献,提出该地区主要经济作物小麦和玉米的微生物复合肥施肥量的大致范围,以期为农业生产提供参考。     

不同施肥措施对稻田土壤温室气体排放的影响

选取江西红壤性双季稻水稻土为研究对象,采用盆栽模拟试验研究了4种不同施肥措施即当地农民习惯施肥(FP)、较FP减施20%化肥氮且有机肥替代20%化肥氮(T1)、在T1基础上加施Si、Zn、S三种微肥(T2)和在T2基础上采用20%缓释氮肥替代普通化肥氮(T3)对稻田主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O排放的影响,并对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)、水稻产量的影响进行了分析。结果表明:4种处理稻田土壤CO2的总排放通量均无显著性差异;稻田土壤N2O的总排放量与FP处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理均有显著性减少(P<0.05),分别减少了31.72%、27.17%和43.65%,T3较T2处理显著减少22.83%(P<0.05);稻田土壤CH4的总排放量与FP处理相比,T1、T2、T3处理分别高了13.06%、13.90%、21.97%,其中T3处理差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。与FP处理相比,T1、T2、T3处理显著提高了SMBC和SMBN的含量(P<0.05),分别提高了18.91%、19.30%、20.07%和28.95%、31.66%、29.96%;T1、T2、T3处理对水稻产量均无显著性影响。稻田土壤CH4和N2O的排放与SMBC和SMBN存在显著的相关性(P<0.01)。总体看,T3处理在降低N2O的总排放量的同时对提升土壤SMBC和SMBN含量具有明显作用。     

施氮对间作条件下玉米、马铃薯根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过田间试验,采用平板培养法和BIOLOG技术研究了不同施氮水平N0 (0 kg·hm^-2) ,N1 (125 kg·hm^-2) ,N2 (250 kg·hm^-2) 和N3 (375 kg·hm^-2) 对玉米/马铃薯间作作物根际微生物群落及代谢功能多样性的影响。结果表明,间作条件下,施氮 (N1、N2、N3) 处理显著提高了玉米、马铃薯根际细菌、放线菌数量及微生物总量,在N2 处理微生物数量最高,却显著降低了真菌的数量。与N0处理相比,施氮均显著提高了间作条件下玉米、马铃薯根际微生物群落碳源利用率、丰富度和功能多样性,N3 处理的玉米根际微生物群落的碳源利用率 (AWCD) 、Shannon-Wiener (H) 、Simpson 指数 (D) 、均匀度指数 (E) 及碳源利用丰富度指数 (S) 最高,而马铃薯在N2 处理时最高,但对6 类碳源的利用存在一定的差异。聚类和主成分分析表明,间作玉米、间作马铃薯各施氮处理土壤微生物在碳源利用上出现较大差异,土壤微生物群落代谢特征发生改变。表明适量施氮对调控间作作物根际土壤微生物群落结构和提高其功能多样性均具有积极作用。     

基于微生物电解池利用有机废弃物产氢研究进展

微生物电解池 (Microbial electrolysis cell,MEC) 技术作为一种新兴技术,实现了利用有机废水、农林废弃物、活性污泥等废物同步酶解发酵产氢的目的,有效提高了资源的综合利用效率。本文主要介绍了MEC 产氢的工作原理,分析了MEC 利用有机废弃物产氢过程中的影响因素。     

Combined Effects of Nutrient and Pesticide Management on Soil Microbial Activity in Hybrid Rice Double Annual Cropping System

Combined effects on soil microbial activity of nutrient and pesticide management in hybrid rice double annual cropping system were studied. Results of field experiment demonstrated significant changes in soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents,abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria, electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity, soil protein contents under different management practices and at various growth stages. Marked depletions in the soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also induced slight changes, and the lowest microbial biomass phospholipid content was found with pesticides application alone. A decline in the bacterial abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed during the continuance of crop growth, while the lowest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was found with pesticides application alone, which coincided with the decline of soil microbial biomass. A consistent increase in the electron transport system activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (NPK) alone or combined with pesticides increased it, while a decline was noticed with pesticides application alone as compared with the control.The soil protein content was found to be relatively stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops undertaken, but notable changes were detected at different growth stages.