加工番茄连作对土壤理化性状及微生物量的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄土壤理化性状、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着连作年限的延长,土壤p H升高,全磷、速效磷及全钾含量呈先升后降的趋势,土壤容重无明显变化。连作7 a时土壤有机质、全氮及速效钾含量较对照分别下降了8%、21%和29%(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商(q MB)呈显著下降趋势,与对照相比分别降低了52.3%、78.8%和48.2%(p0.01);微生物量磷(SMBP)呈先升后降趋势,连作3a时,SMBP含量达到最大值,是对照的1.65倍(p0.01)。土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈显著升高趋势,而脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶及磷酸酶活性的变化则相反。连作导致加工番茄产量显著下降,连作7 a时产量下降达34%(p0.01)。相关分析表明,p H、微生物量、q MB、酶活性及养分之间相关性极为密切,说明土壤微生物量和酶活性相结合,可以反映土壤质量的变化。加工番茄连作导致土壤p H和电导率升高,显著抑制了土壤微生物活性,降低了土壤肥力,最终造成产量下降,连作障碍明显。     

大气CO2和O3升高对菜地土壤酶活性和微生物量的影响

利用OTC平台和青菜盆栽实验,探索[CO2]、[O3]或[CO2+O3]升高条件下,土壤理化性质、微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化,以期获得未来大气CO2或/和O3升高对土壤微生态系统的风险性。结果表明,[CO2]升高不同程度地提高了土壤的可溶性有机碳（DOC）、可溶性有机氮（DON）、总磷（TP）、总碳（TC）、铵态氮（AN）、硝态氮（NN）含量和含水量（SWC）,进而不同程度地提高了土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）含量以及土壤蛋白酶（PRA）、蔗糖酶（SA）、脲酶（UA）、多酚氧化酶（POA）、酸性磷酸酶（APA）和中性磷酸酶（NPA）活性。相反,[O3]升高不同程度降低了土壤DOC、TP、TK、TC、TN、AN、NN、SWC、MBC和MBN含量,提高了MBC/MBN比值,在不同程度上降低了土壤PRA、SA、UA、POA、APA和NPA酶活性。而[CO2+O3]在一定程度上消减了[O3]对土壤微生物量和酶活性的抑制作用,也降低了[CO2]升高对土壤微生物量和酶活性的刺激效应。因此,土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化可用于评价未来大气CO2或/和O3升高对菜地土壤微生态环境的影响。     

环境因子对山西太岳山土壤微生物量的影响

本文以山西太岳山两个林型(华北落叶松人工林、灌木林)下阴坡和阳坡的土壤样品为研究对象,研究了不同坡向下土壤微生物量碳、氮、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物碳氮比值的变化特征。研究结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳、氮含量在0~10 cm土层均显著高于10~20 cm土层。在华北落叶松人工林和灌木林下,土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳及两者之和在阳坡均显著高于阴坡;土壤微生物量碳占两者之和的比例约为81%~87%,在不同坡向下没有显著性差异。土壤微生物量碳氮比在灌木林阳坡下为6.5~7.2,阴坡为7.3~9.9;在华北落叶松人工林阳坡下为7.3~8.6,阴坡为8.2~8.6。两种林型下土壤微生物熵在阳坡均高于阴坡。相关性分析结果表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤pH值、可溶性有机碳呈显著正相关,土壤有机碳与土壤全氮、微生物量碳、pH值和含水率均有显著正相关性。总的来说,不同坡向对土壤微生物量产生重要影响,进而使土壤微生物熵不同,阴坡土壤有机碳活性较小,碳库的稳定性较好。本文从土壤微生物量及其与环境因子相互关系的角度探讨了土壤环境对土壤微生物的影响,以期为更好的理解该地区土壤碳周转和植被恢复生态效应提供参考。     

土壤水分对黄土丘陵区演替序列种种间竞争的影响

种间竞争是不同物种为争夺资源发生的相互关系,对群落植被演替、恢复有重要意义。同时水分是黄土丘陵区植物生长的限制因素,该区多物种种间水资源竞争研究较少,为此选取该区6种演替序列种,采用种对试验法研究其对土壤水分变化的竞争响应。结果表明:(1)除狗尾草外,其他5种植物的生长指标和土壤水分变化趋势基本一致,地下部分变化程度大于地上部分。不同植物最适水分条件不同。(2)单位竞争能力与总竞争能力相似地反映植物种间竞争状况。狗尾草和白羊草在中高水竞争力均高于同组的猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子,低水反之。铁杆蒿随着水分减少,竞争力低于茭蒿。受水分胁迫时,达乌里胡枝子、白羊草的竞争力茭蒿、铁杆蒿猪毛蒿、狗尾草,即演替后期种竞争能力演替中期演替初期,符合演替生态位理论。竞争的不对称随着环境生产力的增加而降低。随着演替中土壤水分的减少,物种耐水分胁迫的能力逐渐增强,从而促使演替的继续。     

外源四环素对菜田土壤微生物活性及数量的影响

通过向土壤中添加四环素溶液的方法研究了油菜种植条件下,不同浓度(0.3,0.6,0.9mg/kg)的外源四环素对土壤微生物活性及数量的影响,以评价其环境生态效应。结果表明,土壤中加入四环素后,不同浓度的四环素药物对微生物量碳的影响表现为抑制作用,在27d达到最低,为空白的6.25%～11.97%;而对土壤代谢商qCO2却表现出明显的激活作用,7d达到最高,为空白的550%～622%,且微生物活性的受抑制—激活程度及持续时间与处理浓度成负相关,50d后施药土壤和对照组土壤的代谢商qCO2基本趋于一致。土壤中加入四环素后,各浓度处理对土壤微生物数量有强烈的抑制作用。     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration

Many biotic and abiotic factors influence recovery of soil communities following prolonged disturbance. We investigated the role of soil texture in the recovery of soil microbial community structure and changes in microbial stress, as indexed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, using two chronosequences of grasslands restored from 0 to 19 years on silty clay loam and loamy fine sand soils in Nebraska, USA. All restorations were formerly cultivated fields seeded to native warm-season grasses through the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program. Increases in many PLFA concentrations occurred across the silty clay loam chronosequence including total PLFA biomass, richness, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes. Ratios of saturated:monounsaturated and iso:anteiso PLFAs decreased across the silty clay loam chronosequence indicating reduction in nutrient stress of the microbial community as grassland established. Multivariate analysis of entire PLFA profiles across the silty clay loam chronosequence showed recovery of microbial community structure on the trajectory toward native prairie. Conversely, no microbial groups exhibited a directional change across the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Changes in soil structure were also only observed across the silty clay loam chronosequence. Aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) exhibited an exponential rise to maximum resulting from an exponential rise to maximum in the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) and exponential decay in microaggregates (<250 μm and >53 μm) and the silt and clay fraction (<53 μm). Across both chronosequences, MWD was highly correlated with total PLFA biomass and the biomass of many microbial groups. Strong correlations between many PLFA groups and the MWD of aggregates underscore the interdependence between the recovery of soil microbial communities and soil structure that may explain more variation than time for some soils (i.e., loamy fine sand). This study demonstrates that soil microbial responses to grassland restoration are modulated by soil texture with implications for estimating the true capacity of restoration efforts to rehabilitate ecosystem functions.     

退化生态系统植被恢复过程中土壤微生物群落活性响应

通过分析退化生态系统中主要植被恢复类型对土壤微生物群落活性的影响,探讨敏感和可靠的微生物群落活性响应指标,揭示适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。结果表明,沙米荒地、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林地土壤微生物量C,N,P和微生物商、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。在土壤各层内,除上层人工乔木林地土壤微生物量N相对较高外,柠条恢复草地土壤微生物量C,N,P都相对较高,沙米荒地均较低;土壤微生物商没有明显的趋势;人工乔木林地蔗糖酶和柠条恢复草地脲酶活性相对较高,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性没有明显的变化趋势,沙米荒地的蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及白沙蒿草地碱性磷酸酶活性较低。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶与土壤有机质、全氮以及微生物量C,N,P之间呈显著相关关系;主成分分析(PCA)表明,土壤微生物量N,C,P和蔗糖酶、土壤微生物商基本反映了研究区植被恢复中土壤微生物群落活性的响应信息。不同植被恢复类型草地中土壤微生物群落活性的变化表明,柠条和人工乔木林是研究区域内适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。     

基于微生物燃料电池供能的无线温度传感系统设计

微生物燃料电池(microbial full cell,MFC)是利用微生物作为生物催化剂将碳水化合物转化为电能的装置。针对MFC输出电压低、功率小、内阻大的特点,该文研制了一种具有最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)功能的能量收集电路和两级升压电路;基于MSP430和CC2500芯片设计了环境温度传感系统。测试结果表明,MFC的输出电压维持在316～390 mV范围内,实现了最大输出功率的跟踪,MPPT电路和升压电路分别输出1.1和3.5 V电压;无线温度传感器以每13ms的周期将环境温度无线传输到远程终端,验证了环境温度传感系统在最大功率点处对无线传感器网络节点供电工作的可行性,可为实现MFC主动式能量收集提供参考。     

复合微生物菌剂对棉花生理特性及根际土壤 微生物和化学性质的影响

为了系统地阐述复合微生物菌剂在改善土壤化学性质、生物学性质和促进植物生长方面的效果及机理,采用盆栽试验,研究常规和灭菌条件下不同用量的微生物菌剂对棉花生长、生理代谢、根际土壤生物学特性和养分含量的影响。结果表明:施用复合微生物菌剂能够提高苗期棉花叶片光合色素总量,叶片和根系内抗氧化物酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低过氧化物质含量(MDA、O2·-),进而提高了棉花的光合性能和抗氧化能力;降低了土壤pH,提高了根际土壤细菌和放线菌数,而降低了根际土壤真菌数,同时提高了根际土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性,最终提高了根际土壤有效养分和有机质含量,改善了根际微域环境,促进了棉花苗期生物量的累积和抗病性。除根际土壤养分含量外,常规复合微生物菌剂对各指标的改善效果优于灭菌复合微生物菌剂,且用量为10L/667m2时效果较明显。因此,复合微生物菌剂可通过改变土壤pH,改善根际土壤微生物群落的数量和结构来改变土壤酶活性和有效养分含量,优化根际生长环境,增强植物抗逆性和光合能力,最终实现养地增产的效果。此外,复合微生物菌剂中的有益活菌在改土、促生方面具有极其重要的积极效应。